Intercultural Communication and Acculturation :: globalization, misunderstanding

Communication within one culture can often be difficult, convoluted and result in many misunderstanding, this process can be significantly exacerbated however when communicators are from dissimilar cultures. With the world becoming smaller twenty-four hours by day due to globalization and cultures converging from all corners of the globe, communication and culture as we know it has drastically evolved and become very complex. Examples of this can be seen right here as people from all over the world immigrate to America. Throughout history as people from around the globe do America their new home they have had to address and overcome the looming issues of intercultural communication and acculturation. According to Webster.com acculturation means cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture also a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact (Webster..). Beyond having to learn a new language which is di fficult enough but through the process of acculturation they have to learn social values, norms, rules that very often is entirely different that that of their native culture. In order to successfully thrive and survive people have had to master a language while navigating through a high society that often looks, behaves, sounds and fundamentally believes differently than they themselves do. Making this process even more difficult is always the prevailing desire to hold true to native customs values and traditions which may not be certain practice in the new society. For example in America we believe in and exercise independence of religion however in a predominantly Christian society practicing other faiths such as Muslim of Buddhism may prove more enwrapped and contained than in ones home land where the majority practices their religion. Further examples of this point may stem to the work place where women are treated equally and their ideas and opinions are accepted and sought after but in other nations women are treated as second class citizens and therefore have no voice in public environments. These instances can require bulky adjustment on the part of individuals who may not be familiar with American customs and treatment of women in the workplace or otherwise. Also the inability to find adequate words from a native tongue may pose a problem and great frustration if there is no literal translation in the new language. Although acculturation does not require complete assimilation and abandonment of ones beliefs or culture it does require embracing and adopting practices of the new culture.

Essay on Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea

Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and large-minded gulfweed Sea In two Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea, the main characters Jane and Antoinette are approach with hardships that affect each of them in different ways. In the passages below, the authors Charlotte Bronte and Jean Rhys illustrate that Jane and Antoinette grew fond of inanimate objects in chemical reaction to the hurt that they had suffered in keep. Although Jane and Antoinette appear to declare come from painful backg tumids, each deals with her pain in a different manner, and therefore each leads a very different life into adulthood. Because of their varying attitudes towards life and hardships, Jane and Antoinette lived very different life styles despite similarities early in life. ... I then sat with my birdie on my knee till the fire got low, glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worse than myself haunted the shadowy room and when the ember sank to a dull red, I undressed hastily, tugging at kn ots and arrange as I might best, and sought for shelter from cold and darkness in my crib. To this crib I always took my doll human beings must have it off something, and in the dearth of worthier objects of affection, I contrived to find a pleasure in loving and cherishing a faded graven image, shabby as a miniature scarecrow. It puzzles me now to remember with what absurd sincerity I doated on this little toy, half fancying it hot and capable of sensation. I could not sleep unless it was folded in my night-gown and when it lay there safe and warm, I was comparatively happy, believing it to be happy likewise.... --from Jane Eyre, chapter 4 ...I leave a light on the chair by my bed and waited for Christophine, for I liked to see her last thing. But she di... ..., and Jane Eyre may have had a tragical ending if she had married St. John. However, their approaches to life in response to pain determined the outcomes of their lives. Possibly, if Antoinette had searched for love, be it in a doll or a human being, she may have found it. Works Cited and Consulted Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. radical York Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 Ciolkowski, Laura E.. Navigating the Wide Sargasso Sea Twentieth Century Literature. Vol 43. 3. 1997125-140. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston G. K. Hall, 1990. Howells, Coral Ann. Jean Rhys. New York Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London Routledge, 1989. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London Penguin, 1968. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London Penguin, 1996. 1-15. Essay on Responding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso SeaResponding to Pain in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea In both Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea, the main characters Jane and Antoinette are faced with hardships that affect each of them in different ways. In the passages below, the authors Charlotte Bronte and Jean Rhys illustrate that Jane and Antoinette grew fond of inanimate objects in response to the hurt that they had suffered in life. Although Jane and Antoinette appear to have come from painful backgrounds, each deals with her pain in a different manner, and therefore each leads a very different life into adulthood. Because of their varying attitudes towards life and hardships, Jane and Antoinette lived very different life styles despite similarities early in life. ... I then sat with my doll on my knee till the fire got low, glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worse than myself haunted the shadowy room and when the ember sank to a dull red, I undressed hastily, tugging at knots and strings as I might best, and sought for shelter from cold and darkness in my crib. To this crib I always took my doll human beings must love something, and in the dearth of worthier objects of affection, I contrived to find a pleasure in loving and cherishing a faded graven image, shabby as a miniature scarecrow. It p uzzles me now to remember with what absurd sincerity I doated on this little toy, half fancying it alive and capable of sensation. I could not sleep unless it was folded in my night-gown and when it lay there safe and warm, I was comparatively happy, believing it to be happy likewise.... --from Jane Eyre, chapter 4 ...I left a light on the chair by my bed and waited for Christophine, for I liked to see her last thing. But she di... ..., and Jane Eyre may have had a tragic ending if she had married St. John. However, their approaches to life in response to pain determined the outcomes of their lives. Possibly, if Antoinette had searched for love, be it in a doll or a human being, she may have found it. Works Cited and Consulted Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York Dodd, Mead & Company, 1991 Ciolkowski, Laura E.. Navigating the Wide Sargasso Sea Twentieth Century Literature. Vol 43. 3. 1997125-140. Gates, Barbara Timm, ed. Critical Essays on Charlotte Bronte. Boston G. K. Hall, 1 990. Howells, Coral Ann. Jean Rhys. New York Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. Macpherson, Pat. Reflecting on Jane Eyre. London Routledge, 1989. Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. London Penguin, 1968. Wyndham, F. Introduction. Wide Sargasso Sea. By Jean Rhys. London Penguin, 1996. 1-15.

Taxing and E-Commerce Essay -- Internet Tax Sales Papers

Taxing and E-CommerceWith the advent of the Internet, e-commerce exploded, and in 2003, the estimated value of online sales was 95.7 billion dollars (epaynews). It also is estimated that 30% of online users buy online (epaynews). As e-commerce and the revenues from e-commerce increase, so do the questions and problems concerning imposeationes. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web, and more than 30,000 tax jurisdictions in the United States (US), (Internet revenue enhancement) it is easy to see the complications that exist in the taxation of e-commerce. Who do you tax? How is it collected? Can taxes be collected from a sale that was made in another state, and what is considered a substantial nexus in the buyers state. Because 75% of the American population have access and use the Internet (Dont Tax the Internet) this is an issue that affects the majority of Americans. According to an article published by the Citizens For a travel Economy, State and local access fees could add 20-25% to the average Internet consumers bill that may not sound like much in Washington, scarcely it could strand millions of low-income Americans on the wrong side of the digital divide (Dont tax the internet). Because taxation is an issue that affects most Americans, it is important to understand what types of taxes that there ar and that could be levied, the past and current internet taxation policies, and finally the challenges and benefits of internet taxation.There are many different taxes that are being considered at this time, and that could be levied on the Internet and its users. The first type, which is being considered, affects all Internet users, as it is a tax on Internet access. In some states where this type of tax does exist it is ... ...d affect global consumers, I think that it is fair that the consumer be subject to the v block offors countrys tax.I learned a lot from the research that I did. I learned that those in the government are considering Internet taxation, and whether we agree or disagree, it is important that we get involved. Otherwise, we may end up with an outcome that we disagree with. Work CitedEpaynews http//www.epaynews.com/statistics/purchases.htmlInternet Taxation http//www.pubpol.duke.edu/centers/dewitt/course/internetandsociety/taxation/Dont Tax the Internet http//www.cse.org/informed/issues_template.php?issue_id=1748Internet Taxation Which side are you on? http//www.powerhomebiz.com/vol4/internet-taxation.htmE-Commerce and Internet Taxation Issues, Organizations, and Findings http//www.infotoday.com/searcher/jun00/gordon-murnane.htm

Director of Census 2000 Speaks :: Free Essay Writer

Director of Census 2000 SpeaksLets take a minute to call about how America bouncys, Dr. Kenneth Prewitt, director of Census 2000, said to a gathering of students at Boston University today. We have people living in igloos, houseboats, tree houses and cabins in the woods, Prewitt said. America is not a neat little row of urban houses. The census is two things a count and assigning geography, Prewitt explained. The purpose of the census is to let the government cope where people are. At its peak, Census 2000 will be the third largest advertiser in the United States. It has poured millions into making sure people know its out there and also making sure that people acknowledge they must respond. However, there are several demographic groups, such as congenital Americans and Latinos that are difficult to reach Prewitt blames two things for an undercount attitude and demographics. Demographically, residents who do not live in one place, such as traveling salesmen who primarily live out of a suitcase, are undercounted along with people who have no where to live at all. Likewise, Native Americans have been previously undercounted because the isolation of reservations makes it difficult and big-ticket(prenominal) for the Census Bureau to get a count. Attitudinal problems affect people who fear the government, such as illegalaliens, and people who dislike the government. Were trying to speak the country into responding and fulfilling their civic responsibility, Prewitt said, given the sharp decline in citizen response since the censuses of 1960 and 1970. Census 2000 is not just the governments scientific exercise or collecting data to redistribute funds and power this year, the Census Bureau is in partnership with 90,000 community leaders across the country, and the Bureau and the community are sharing the responsibility of getting the right numbers in responses.

Geographic Greece :: essays research papers

Geographic Themes of GreeceLOCATIONoAbsolute-Latitude 3900 join-Longitude 2200 East of the prime meridianRelative LocationoSpatial-borders the countries Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia-Borders the Aegean ocean, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean SeaRelative LocationoDirection and Distance-6241 miles NE of D altogetheras, Texas -324 miles S of Sofia, Bulgaria-457 miles SSW of Bucharest, Romania-646 miles ESE of Rome, ItalySize Greece = AlabamaMercator Map of Greece ca. 1598Conic Map of GreeceoEquidistant Conic Projection Planar Map of Southern Europeo Using azimuthal equidistant projectionPLACE bodily CharacteristicsPhysical CharacteristicsoLAND USE-8% permanent crops-41% permanent pastures-20% forest and woodlands-19 % arable land-12% other go for floraoOlive TreesoCapersoGrapesoGrassesoFig TreesoLemon TreesoCypress TreesoEucalyptus TreesVegetationoOrange TreesoOrange GrovePlantsoPalm TreesClimateoMild, wet wintersoHot, dry summersoAverage Te mperature 64 degrees FahrenheitYear-Round Average Temperatures & PrecipitationSoiloFertileoVolcanicoA Greek legend claims that God distributed all of the available soil through a sieve and used the stones that remained to build Greece.Bodies of WateroThe Corinth Canal in Greece joins the Ionian and Aegean SeasoThe Mediterranean Sea borders southern GreeceNatural ResourcesoBauxiteoLigniteoMagnesiteoPetroleumoHydro PoweroPumiceo stain oThe Parthenon on the Acropolis was built with solid Greek marbleLandformsoMostly mountainous with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islandsIslandso all over 3000 islands and outcrops surround the Greek mainland, including Crete, Corfu, Rhodes, and MykonosMountainsoMount Olympus is the highest mountain in GreeceoMount Parnassus near DelphiEarthquakes in GreeceoOn February 24, 1981, a magnitude 6.6 earthquake occurred in the Eastern Gulf of Corinth region of Greece, followed a few hours later by a magnitude 6.3 aftershock in the sa me region. oMarch 4 another shock of magnitude 6.2 occurred 25 kilometers to the northeast, causing loss of lives and extensive damage to towns on the Perachora Peninsula and along the Saronic and Gulf of Corinth coasts.Island of TheraoThis island is often racked by earthquakes adult male CharacteristicsPopulation DistributionPopulation Characteristicso98% Greek, 2% otheroPopulation growth rate 0.21%oBirth rate 9.82 births/ megabyte populationoDeath rate 9.64/1000 populationoLife expectancy 78.44oOfficial Language Greek oLiteracy 95%SettlementoTotal population 10,601,527o5 million live in AthensOccupationsoServices 59.2 %oAgriculture 19.8%oIndustry 21%OccupationsMore OccupationsIsland OccupationsoFishing, sponge-fishing and handicrafts are important occupations on many Greek islandsRecreationoGreeks enjoy music, dancing, snow skiing, sailing, water sports, eating and smoking.On the Beach and On the SlopesOlympics oThe original Olympic Games were first held in Greece in 776 B.C., an d they will host the next Olympics in 2004Beliefs and Ideaso umteen ancient cultures created Evil Eye charms to mimic the eyes of the gods, believing that the charms could ward off evil spirits and deflect the Evil Eye, a belief quiesce popular in the Mediterranean today.

The Power of Shakespeares The Winters Tale :: Shakespeare Winters Tale Essays

The Power of The Winters Tale Many of Shakespeares later plays broke with customs of genre. The Merchant of Venice has all the elements of a comedy, but deals with very grave matters and ends ambiguously. Pericles foreshadows the sweet in its romantic plot and use of narration. Such plays challenged prevalent Renaissance literary conjecture which demanded fairly strict adherence to classical values of world and unity. The Winters Tale is a self-conscious violation of these expectations, and a jibe at the assumptions behind them. Shakespeare uses the play itself to present his argument against what may be termed, the mimetic theory of art. It was the established opinion of Elizabethan literati that art ought to imitate life (Kiernan 8). Shakespeare not only rejects this ought,11 but shows the absurdity of what it entails. The categories available to a playing periodtist are move out by young Mamillius when he is asked to tell a tale, Merry or sad shallt be? (II.i .22). The dramatist is presented with the options of tragedy or comedy. This bifurcation is repeated passim the play, which itself is cleft in two between a predominately tragic section and a predominantly comical pastoral section. For this act, tragedy is chosen, A sad tales trump out for winter, (24) and the story begins, There was a man... dwelt by the churchyard (28-29). Here is where the plays self-consciousness starts to appear. It is the play which is a sad tale about a man who dwells by the churchyard, namely Leontes, who mourns at the grave of the wife and son he damned. It is also at this moment that the tragedy of the play begins, when Mamillius tale is interrupted by the arriver of Leontes to accuse Hermione of adultery. The tragedy progresses to a climax by Act III, Scene iii, when Antigonus arrives on Bohemias shore. This is the execution of Leontes greatest sin, his rejection of his daughter. This is also the point at which the mood of the drama turn s to comedy. The segue from the Sicilian tragedy to the Bohemian comedy comes in the form of a bear. Prior to his departure for Bohemia, Antigonus refers to bears in the context of folktales, wolves and bears, they say, / Casting their savageness aside, obligate done / Like offices of pity (II.

The Power of Shakespeares The Winters Tale :: Shakespeare Winters Tale Essays

The Power of The Winters Tale Many of Shakespeares later plays broke with customs of genre. The Merchant of Venice has all the elements of a comedy, but deals with very grave matters and ends ambiguously. Pericles foreshadows the reinvigorated in its romantic plot and use of narration. Such plays challenged prevalent Renaissance literary system which demanded fairly strict adherence to classical values of naturalism and unity. The Winters Tale is a self-conscious violation of these expectations, and a jibe at the assumptions behind them. Shakespeare uses the play itself to present his argument against what may be termed, the mimetic theory of art. It was the established opinion of Elizabethan literati that art ought to imitate life (Kiernan 8). Shakespeare not only rejects this ought,11 but shows the absurdity of what it entails. The categories available to a childs playtist are set(p) out by young Mamillius when he is asked to tell a tale, Merry or sad shallt be ? (II.i.22). The dramatist is presented with the options of tragedy or comedy. This bifurcation is repeated passim the play, which itself is cleft in two between a predominately tragic section and a predominantly comical pastoral section. For this act, tragedy is chosen, A sad tales ruff for winter, (24) and the story begins, There was a man... dwelt by the churchyard (28-29). Here is where the plays self-consciousness starts to appear. It is the play which is a sad tale about a man who dwells by the churchyard, namely Leontes, who mourns at the grave of the wife and son he damned. It is also at this moment that the tragedy of the play begins, when Mamillius tale is interrupted by the reaching of Leontes to accuse Hermione of adultery. The tragedy progresses to a climax by Act III, Scene iii, when Antigonus arrives on Bohemias shore. This is the execution of Leontes greatest sin, his rejection of his daughter. This is also the point at which the mood of the drama t urns to comedy. The segue from the Sicilian tragedy to the Bohemian comedy comes in the form of a bear. Prior to his departure for Bohemia, Antigonus refers to bears in the context of folktales, wolves and bears, they say, / Casting their savageness aside, start done / Like offices of pity (II.

Implications of Phone Hacking Scandal

Implications Of Phone Hacking For The Media, The Government And another(prenominal) Businesses In The UK Phone Hacking Background * Phone hacking is an on-going controversy surrounding stark naked Corporation, its subsidiary News International and its newspaper, News of the World. * Phone hacking reportedly begun in 1998, with the first allegations been made in 2006, and the first major investigation in 2011. * Over 4000 potential victims, including members of the Royal Family, the family of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler, Gerry and Kate McCann as well as celebrities like Hugh Grant.Implications The Media * News of the World closed down in July 2011 ending its cl year existence. * YouGov poll pitch that 58% of British people have lost trust in the papers since the scandal. * TV and Radio have benefitted from the miss of trust in newspapers. * Leveson inquiry is likely to lead to much tighter regulation, with potential new legislation to enforce stricter controls in the long r un. Implications The Government * Government stake with the press heavily scrutinised, particularly Andy Coulson and Jeremy Hunt. David Cameron were required to handle the phone hacking scandal and thus commissioned Lord Justice Leveson to run an inquiry. * The Leveson report, released last week found the press and wreaked havoc with the lives of innocent people. * Lord Levesons recommendations were for the Parliament to set up a strong, independent press regulator, cross party dialogue are now taking place to agree on the best way to regulate the industry and ensure freedom of the press still exists.Implications Other Business * Not as directly implicated as the Government or the media. * Changes in security as companies and individuals are now more witting of the threat posed by hackers. * The News of the World employees charged and arrested has highlighted the importance of morals in conducting business activities. * The phone hacking scandal along with the global financial crisis have highlighted the need for accountability and transparency in all undertakings Concluding RemarksIn the short term the onus is on the Government and press to create a new regulatory framework, potentially involving new legislation whilst protecting the freedom of the press. In the longer term the main implications will be the change in the way the press operates and the step changes made by other businesses in light of recent controversies. Opportunity For Deloitte By demonstrating strong governance, transparency, professionalism and accountability Deloitte will be able to market themselves more attractively to new and existing clients.

Hannibal and the Battle of Cannae

HANNIBAL AND THE BATTLE OF CANNAE The battle of Cannae was a major battle of the Second punic War near the town of Cannae, an ancient village in southern part of Italy. The battle took place between the outnumbered Punic multitude chthonic Hannibal against the papists under the look out over of Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. For the most part, the roman types were over great powered by the undermanned Carthaginian forces. Many historians agree that the battle of Cannae is one of the great(p)est strategic victories in military history.Numerous historians wipe out examined the accomplishable route Hannibal took from New Carthage to the Pyrenees and then over the Alps to Rome. Along with using scientific data, these historians and scientists allege that there are three possible routes Hannibal may have interpreted from New Carthage in Iberia across Europe to enamor to Italy. Scientists and historians do disagree on which route is most accurate do to the fac t that the to a greater extentover historical accounts of Hannibals journey are that of Livy and Polybius. Neither historian leaves a very detailed account of the surroundings for Hannibal and his troops.Through paleobotanical reconstruction, attempts have been made to much intelligibly identify if the places noted by Livy and Polybius resemble any of these places today1. Hannibal came from the very well-k instantaneouslyn Carthaginian Barca family. His father, Hamilcar Barca was the military leader of Carthage during the first Punic War. At the conclusion of the maiden Punic War, Carthages mercenaries revolted and Rome took vantage of her rivals distraction and, in spite of the recent peace system, took control of Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay a large indemnity2.Carthage finally won the mercenary cont difference, but the loss of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica left her economic empire crippled and reduced the area from which she could hire troops. After regaini ng control, the Carthaginians were forced to major war concessions. Of those concessions, Carthage was to pay a war indemnity to Rome and could no longish recruit Italian sailors. Carthage also sent Hamilcar Barca to Iberia to eliminate the Spaniards and build an empire in Spain. Unfortunately, Barca was killed in an ambush at Helice in 229 B. C. E. but not until after he had been able to take over control of the Iberian southern coast.In 226 BC, Hasdrubal reached an agreement with Rome that recognized the Ebro River in northeastern Spain as the northern limit of Carthaginian interest in the area. Five twelvemonths later, Hasdrubal was assassinated, and Hamilcars son Hannibal became the leader. At or so that era, Rome began involving itself in the affairs of Saguntum, a city on the Mediterranean coast of Spain well south of the Ebro and therefore presumably in Carthaginian territory3. Hannibal viewed the roman print moves as an intervention similar to the ones that had touched o ff the first war.Hannibal laid siege to the town, which fell after eight months. Hannibals strategic insight now became evident4. When Hannibal came to the breaker point of the Carthaginian army he took it upon himself to rebuild Carthaginian fortunes by occupying Spain. The Romans had aligned themselves with Saguntum in an attempt to show strength and power against Carthage. Since Carthages fleet was no longer a match for Romes, the invasion of Italy would need to occur by land. To that end, Hannibal did his best to speak with tribes in his line of march well in advance of the stretch of conflicts.He also established alliances with various north Italian Gaelic tribes that were impostal enemies of Rome. Hannibals forces were the first civilized army to cross the Alps5. Exposure, desertion, accidents and fierce resistance by tummy tribes reduced his army from 40,000 to 26,000 during the trip, and most of the elephants accompanying the remarkable host also perished. Fortunately, once Italy was reached, the Celtic alliances provided replacements that brought the army back to its original strength. The Carthaginian troops endured great hardship and suffered serious casualties.Shortly thereafter, Hannibal fought two battles that demonstrated his resolve as a field commandant and his determination to destroy rather than merely vote down his enemy. At the Trebia River, only 10,000 Romans escaped an ambush out of 40,000 involved, and at Lake Trasimene, nearly an entire Roman force of 25,000 was killed or captured. From then on, the Romans were hesitant to fight a large-scale engagement. Hannibal was careful to treat prisoners from Romes ally cities courteously, often freeing them without ransom to encourage dissatisfaction with Romes cause6.Captured Roman citizens, on the other hand, were held for ransom used to pay Hannibals men or were often sold into slavery. The Carthaginian army lived off the land causing as much damage to the economy as possible. After v ictory at Lake Trasimene, Hannibal moved his army to southern Italy in order to recruit additional troops7. This moving of troops by Hannibal and their subsequent looting forced the Romans to become more aggressive. Two now consuls, Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paulus, were given command of the combined legions of Rome with orders to make an end to the feared Carthaginian.Normally, the two consuls would have independent commands but, when their forces were combined, command of the whole alternated daily. Hannibals effective perception organization soon in create him that Varro was the more rash and impulsive of his opponents, and so Hannibal decided to force an action on a day that Varro was in command of the Roman forces8. Hannibal seized a grain depot to lure the Romans to the site he had chosen for battle. The depot was located at the small village of Cannae, south of Rome.Dawn of that rattling(a) morning in 216 BC found Hannibal, commander of Carthages army in Ita ly, looking down at the plain separating his vantage point from the waters of the Adriatic sea about three miles away9. The Roman enemy was already advancing with an army of more than 85,000 men, aligned in the standard offensive formation of the dreaded legions. Hannibals force, around 56,000 in number, faced long odds. The Roman force available for battle was large by the standards of the day. Eight full legions of ft, some 40,000 men, were improved by 40,000 allied infantrymen.About 2,000 Roman horse cavalry and 4,000 allied horses completed the army, for a total strength of 86,00010. In battle, the Roman infantry usually advanced on a all-embracing front, with cavalry on the flank. The heavy infantry was led by skirmishers, who opened the fighting with the throwing of javelins. They would then fall to the rear of the formation and were able to pass with the Roman formation because deliberate gaps were left in each line. The basic fighting unit of the heavy infantry was the maniple of about 160 men divided up into two centuries.Rather than forming a constant line, the two centuries were deployed one butt joint the other, leaving the gaps used by the skirmishers. At the point of attack or when in a defensive position, the rear centuries could be moved up to fill the gaps11. The Hastati made up the first line of heavy infantry of the Roman army. They were equipped with a heavy shield, a helmet, light and heavy javelins and a short, straight sword. The Princeps were the second line of heavy infantry. Although armed like the Hastati, the Princeps were omewhat older and more experienced and formed behind those of the Hastati, but were offset to block the gaps in the Hastati line. The third line, made up of the old veteran troops known as the Tritarii, had its centuries form behind the gaps in the second line, giving an overall checkerboard result to the formation. The Tritarii had a thrusting spear in place of the javelin of the first two lines12. In the turn over of an experienced commander, the flexibility possible with this formation was useful, particularly against older military formation such as the phalanx.Unfortunately, the Roman method of appointing new consuls each year and rotating command daily made it unlikely that the top military talent would be allowed to pursue a logical plan. Roman courage, discipline and patriotism were rarely lacking, but the coming battle of Cannae would highlight the need for changes in the selection and responsibilities of army commander13. Aside from the top leaders, very few Carthaginians were present in Hannibals army. His army at Cannae consisted of North African, Spanish and Celtic personnel. Perhaps the soundest foot soldiers available to Hannibal were the Libyan-Phoenician heavy infantry.The Phoenicians living in Libya were subject to Carthaginian military service and cleared themselves well. Originally armed like Greek hoplites, they now began equipping with Roman arms captured at the Trebia and Lake Trasimene. In addition to the infantry, 2,000 Spanish cavalry were at Hannibals disposal. They were heavily armed and used as heavy cavalry, but the outstanding quality of their horses allowed them to rival the speed of the Numidian cavalry14. About 25,000 Celtic infantry and 5,000 Celtic cavalry made up the remainder of Hannibals force.These people lived for war, but without the guidance of a commander like Hannibal, their absence of discipline made them unpredictable. At the time of Cannae, Hannibal was arming these men with captured Roman weapons. He liked to use the Celts as troops that would cause disruption in enemy ranks prior to sending in his African infantry. At Cannae, the Romans were determined to crush Hannibals center. They formed deep battle lines in order to bring pressure to stand against the middle of the Carthaginian line. On the Roman right, the legion cavalry, some 2,400 strong, faced Hannibals Spaniards and Celts, totaling 7,000.The mismatch would prove a decisive element in the battles surprising outcome. On the Roman left, the 4,000 allied cavalry faced an equal number of Numidians. Hannibal aligned his infantry in an unusual manner. The center of his position was curved, facing outward toward the advancing Romans. The flanks bent backward from the center. jump units of Spanish and Celtic swordsmen held this line, and they were greatly outnumbered by the approaching Romans. Hannibal positioned himself at the left end of the line, and his youngest brother Mago, held the right.Each end of the line was anchored by a dense lusty of African infantry, the location of which guaranteed that they would not be engaged until long after those at the center15. As the Romans advanced, a hot west wind blew dust in their faces and obscured their vision. At a range of about 35 yards, the Romans hurled their light javelins, causing casualties among the Spaniard and Celts. These javelins often caused problems even if they only pierce d a mans shield, because the shaft was knockout to take on and weighed the shield down, making the man vulnerable to an onrushing legionary.At closer range, the heavy javelin was thrown, and then the infantry lines collided, the swift Celts and athletic Spaniards against the disciplined Roman citizenryes. In time, the weight of the Roman assault began to take effect on Hannibals troops, and the center of the Carthaginian line retreated. As Hannibals men were forced back, they found themselves slowly backing up a slope Due to the nature of the terrain, the Romans fought uphill as they advanced and at the same time were restricted into a narrowing front as their mass of men entered the V. Although the Roman infantrymen did not know it, their fate was all but sealed by this time. Hannibal had planned for his cavalry to strike the decisive blows while his infantry fought a large-scale delay. As the battle opened, Hannibal launched the Spanish and Celtic cavalry on his left against th e outnumbered Roman cavalry16. The consul Aemilius accompanied these cavalrymen but they could not endure the Carthaginian assault. Aemilius was wounded and the bulk of the Roman cavalry was driven from the field, exposing that flank of the Roman army.While this occurred on the Carthaginian left, the Numidians on the right had been engaged with the horsemen of Romes allies17. The Carthaginian cavalry commander on the left, reorganized his units and proceeded to ride behind the Roman infantry to the far side of the battlefield, where the stalemated cavalry fight continued between the Numidians and Romes allies. The allied horsemen now were taken by surprise and caught between the two Carthaginian forces. The allied cavalry fled the field, taking the consul Varro with them.At this point, Aemilius was dead or dying, and Varro, the other commander, no longer was with the Roman army. The Roman and allied cavalrymen had been killed, captured or driven from the field18. By that time, the R oman infantry had fought its way up the slope and into the enclosed end of the V, the point. As the men became more tightly packed into a confined space, fewer of them could use their weapons effectively. Romans in the rear ranks continued to push forward, but found they had little room to maneuver.Hasdrubal, Hannibals younger brother, assaulted the Roman rear with his heavy cavalry, assisted by the Carthaginian light infantry. The encirclement was complete. Many Romans first discovered the danger when they realized they were worldness cut down and hamstrung by the Carthaginian troops. Historians have estimated that the fighting continued until evening and that approximately 600 Romans died per minute of the battle. Cannae represented the apex of Hannibals career, although he has been criticized for not attempting to end the war by sacking Rome itself at that point.Hannibal remained in Italy for 13 more years, but the determination of the Romans to fight on, regardless of losses, eventually gave them the opportunity to defeat the great Carthaginian. The failure of Carthage to rebuild its fleet in order to challenge that of the Romans made Hannibals task extremely tough. He attempted to reduce Romes naval advantage by occupying the Italian coastal cities. If Hannibal had been able to hold them, the odds against the Carthaginian fleet would have improved, but his limited number of troops made it difficult for him to isolate enough garrisons to prevent Roman recapture of the port cities.For 15 years in all, from 218 to 203 BC, Hannibal occupied large areas of Italy. He fought and defeated the Romans on legion(predicate) occasions but could not break their spirit19. After Cannae, the Romans again became cautious about entering into full-scale battle against Hannibal, but their command of the sea and the ending to invade Spain, made reinforcement of Hannibals army difficult. Slowly, the troops who had crossed the Alps with Hannibal decreased in number an in age . But Carthages absence of naval power prevented Hannibals alliances with Syracuse and Macedonia from becoming fruitful.The Roman navy captured a treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia, and by the time the second received a copy and acted on it, the Roman fleet barred his troops from crossing to Italy. In spite of all the complications, Hannibal proved to be a gifted leader able to get the very best from his men. His army was made up of of mercenaries with no real obligation to the Carthaginian cause however no record shows any disintegration during the 5 years in Italy. The army did not more than just survive it maintained a high level of morale and fighting spirit.Spain was taken from Carthage and the Barcid family after Hannibals brother Hasdrubal repeated a crossing of the Alps with a reinforcement that gave the Romans in Spain a free hand. Hasdrubal was incapable of uniting with Hannibal before being opposed by a strong Roman army in 207 BC. In the ensuing battle, H asdrubal was defeated and killed20. In October of 203 BC, Publius Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Spain, invaded North Africa and forced Hannibal to endure Carthage. Hannibals defeat at Zama at the hands of Scipio in the following spring, caused mostly because of a shortage of cavalry strength, ended the Second Punic War.Hannibal bloom to the position of prominence in Carthage after the war and took steps that helped Carthage recover economically from the conflict. Rome viewed Carthages revival with suspicion, and Hannibal was forced to flee to the east, where he committed suicide in 183 BC rather than fall into Roman hands. Hannibal Barca was one of historys greatest generals and Romes greatest enemy. Although later Roman tradition belittled him, it respected his prowess as a great military commander. Had Hannibal not underestimated the strength of the Romans, he might have rewritten European history.NOTES Mahaney, M. C. ,Hannibals assault Route An Age-Old Question Revisited within a Geoarchaeological and Palaeobotanical Context. (Archaeometry vol. 52 (6/2010), 1097 Marcel Le Glay, et al. ,A History of Rome. (Chichester Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 74 Ibid, 75 John Peddie, Hannibals War. (Gloucechesershire Sutton, 1997), 9 Ibid, 21-26 G. P. Baker, Hannibal. (New York Barnes & Nobles, Inc. , 1967), 101-104 Ibid, coke Le Glay, A History of Rome Adrian Goldsworthy, Cannae, (London Cassel & Co, 2001), 77-81 Ibid, 95Dexter Hoyos, Hannibal Romes Greatest Enemy, (Exeter, Bristol Phoenix Press, 2008), 57-59 Goldsworthy, Cannae, 96-99 Hoyos, Hannibal Romes Greatest Enemy, 60 Goldsworthy, Cannae, 108-109 Ibid, 111 Peddie, Hannibals War, 92-93 Ibid, 94 Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Hannibal, (Boston, Da Capo Press, 1891), 372 Le Glay, A History of Rome, 77 Dodge, Hannibal, 556 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ancient Greece & Rome An Encyclopedia for Students, vol. 2. Hannibal Baker, G. P. Hannibal. New York Barnes & Nobles, Inc. , 1967 Dodge, Theodore Ayrault. Hannibal.Boston DaCapo Press, 1891 Goldsworthy, Adrian. Cannae. London Cassel & Co, 2001 Hoyos, Dexter. Hannibal Romes Greatest Enemy. Exeter Bristol Phoenix Press, 2008 Le Glay, et al. A History of Rome. Chichester Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 Mahaney, M. C. Hannibals Invasion Route An Age-Old Question Revisited within a Geoarchaeological and Palaeobotanical Context. Archaeometry vol. 52 (6/2010) 1096-1109. Peddie, John. Hannibals War. Gloucechesershire Sutton, 1997 Radice, Betty. Livy The War with Hannibal. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. Baltimore Penguin, 1965

Caricom Formation

Caricom- Caribbean Community and Common Market The formation of Caricom came about when the initial four countries governments saw the need for an integration of its members and economies, and the earth of a common market. When the West Indian coalition came to an end in 1962, Caricom was established as a means of regional integration. The West Indian Federation was a political union and consisted of ten countries- which are now states of Caricom- with the exception of Belize, The Bahamas and Guyana.The ending of the Federation meant the beginning of more serious efforts on the part of every last(predicate) Caribbean leaders to strengthen the existing ties among them by providing opportunities for the continuance and sustaining the areas of co-operation. The idea of Caricom was proposed by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago when it announced its withdrawal from the West Indian Federation. Hence, the first Heads of Government gathering was summoned by the Prime Minister of Trin idad and Tobago. This conference was attended by the leaders of Barbados, British Guiana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.These four countries agreed that there was an immense necessitate for closer co-operation in the Caribbean region. At the eighth Heads of Government Conference in Georgetown, Guyana in April 1973, the decision to establish Caricom was authorized with the signing of the Georgetown Accord. Caricom was finally established on July 04, 1973 with the signing of the accord of Chaguaramas. This treaty was signed by the Heads of Government of Barbados- Mr. Errol Barrow, Guyana- Mr. Forbes Burnham, Jamaica- Mr. Michael Manley and Trinidad and Tobago- Dr. Eric Williams. After many years of existence, Caricom has extended to fifteen members of state.Members of State of Caricom detect of Country ceiling City Name of Head of State Head of Government Date of Membership Antigua And Barbuda St. Johns Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack, governor- habitual Winston Baldwin Spencer 4 th July, 1974 The Bahamas Nassau H. E. Sir Arthur A. Foulkes, GCMC, Governor General Perry G. Christie 4th July, 1983 Name of Country Capital City Name of Head of State Head of Government Date of Membership Barbados Bridgetown H. E. Ellliot Belgrave, Governor General Freundel Stuart 1st August, 1973 Belize Belmopan H. E. Sir Colville N. Young Snr. Governor General Dean Oliver Barrow 1stMay, 1974 Dominica Roseau H. E. Dr. Nicholas Joseph Orville Liverpool, DAH, President Roosevelt Skerrit 1st May,1974 Grenada St. Georges H. E Sir Carlye Glean GCMG, Governor General Tillman Thomas 1st May,1974 Guyana Georgetown His Excellency Donald Ramotar 1st August,1973 Haiti Port-au-Prince His Excellency Michel Joseph MartellyPresident July, 2002 Jamaica Kingston The just about Honorable Patrick Linton Allen, ON, GCMG, CD Governor General The Most Honorable Portia Simpson MillerPrime Minister 1st August,1973 Montserrat Plymouth H.E. Mr. Adrian Derek Davis, Governor Honorable Reuben Meade Pr emier 1st May,1974 Saint Lucia Castries H. E. Dame Perlette Louisy, GCMG, PhD, Governor General Dr. The Honorable Kenny D. AnthonyPrime Minister 1st May,1974 St Kitts And Nevis Basseterre H. E. Sir Cuthbert Montraville Sebastian, Governor General The Right Honorable. Dr. Denzil Llewllyn DouglasPrime Minister 26th July,1974 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown Sir Frederick Nathaniel Ballantyne, Governor General Dr. the Honorable Ralph E.GonsalvesPrime Minister 1st May,1974 Suriname capital of Suriname His Excellency Desire Delano Bouterse President 4th July,1995 Trinidad and Tobago His Excellency George Maxwell Richards, TC, CMT, PhD President Honorable Kamla Persad-BissessarPrime Minister 1st August ,1973 Caricom also has its Associate Members ( laid in the territories of the unify Kingdom) * Anguilla * Bermuda * British Virgin Islands, * Cayman Islands and * Turks and Caicos Islands Caricom Secretariat The Caricom Secretariat is the principal administrative organ of the omm unity and is headed by a Secretary General, who is the CEO of the community. The Caricom Secretariat is located in Guyana and the current Secretary General is Ambassador Irwin LaRocque, a national of Dominica. Functions of the Caricom Secretariat * Initiate, organize and conduct studies. * Provide, on request, services to Members of State of Caricom on matters of the community. * Collect, lineage and disseminate relevant information to Member States. * Mobilize resources from donor agencies to assist in the implementation of Community Programmes. * Conduct, as mandated, fact-finding assignments in Member States.Offices and Directorates Offices * Secretary-General * lieutenant Secretary-General * General Counsel * Office of Trade Negotiations Directorates * Foreign and Community Relations * Human and Social Development * Trade and Economic Integration * Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM) Reference Caricom Member States 2011, Caricom. org. http//ww w. caricom. org/jsp/community/member_states. jsp? menu=community Formation of Caricom May 2006, Scribd. com http//www. scribd. com/doc/2905473/Introduction-to-CARICOM-CSME

A Comparison between ‘Second Wind’ and ‘Alive!’

I have been working on a piece of Drama called Alive based on the story of a South American team being stranded in the Andes for days desperately trying to stay alive, living on small-scale rations and hope with the group having many mixed emotions in the dilemma at hand. I will be comparing this with the fabrication arcminute Wind which is a electrifying novel about two BBC meteorologists wanting to go into the heart of a hurricane in the States but flop on a isolated Caribbean island.The Historic end of both pieces is very similar as both are quite present-day(a) being brand in the 1970s, we can see that it is very contemporary in Alive through the clothes we wear. But there are differences the likes of Alive being set in the Andes and Second Wind being set in the Caribbean. Our piece is set over a period of a few months but Second Wind is set over many months, possibly a year or so. The Society in the two pieces is very different but do have a few similarities with Alive having young uninitiated youths trying to survive in a desolate mountain range, for example we have the characters that have very different views, people who want to survive like Antonio and escape the mountains and then there are other pessimistic views like Eduardo who think that they are already doomed and there is no hope at all of them surviving, we se this in the scene when the group decide that no one is coming to rescue them and he declares he knew this all along.And in Second Wind we have characters like Michael and Perry who want to escape the Island while luck other people to survive this is very similar to Antonio taking the lead of the group and helping others to survive until help arrives. But like Eduardo Kathy in Second Wind she to thinks that they are all doomed. In Second Wind the characters are split with the meteorologists and the rest of the crew and the entrepreneurs on the other side.In our piece there is some division between within the group but they mana ge to stick together and get rescued. on that point are many similarities in the style of both pieces, firstly the most obvious is the tragedy of being wrecked in an abandoned place where no one ever visiting meaning less chance of survival. Both pieces show naturalism within them as both pieces reflect the effect on a deserted island or mountain range, as in Alive there is lots feelings of lost hope, but in Second Wind there is a lot calm animadversion we can see this as lots of times we have Perry thinking back to when he was young and playing with his nanna this reflection can also be seen in Alive as there monologues that refer to the thoughts and memories to the stranded victims, this made him happy and forget his dilemma, but he would also come back to realisation.But we must take into account that Second Wind is a novel so lots of creative techniques like reflection would help the reader feel the effect of the crash, but in Alive we use sound and lighting effects this hel ps visualize the piece, also with a dramatic piece you can see the characters and be drawn into them and feel part of the scene. To conclude there are many similarities between the two pieces such as the historic period, a bit of society and the style. There is also the huge similar theme of a tragedy due to a plane crash on an unfamiliar place. But there still is the difference on Alive being a dramatic performance and Second Wind a novel so it is difficult to compare.

The Hobbit Double Entry Journal Prompts

Nicholas Gangone Ms. Sottas Double Entry Journal Prompts March 20, 2013 But men remembered little of solely that, though whatsoever still sang gaga songs of the dwarf-kings of the Mountain, Thror and Dragon, and the f both of the lords of Dale. (Tolkien 176) I hope I never smell the smell of apples again. (Tolkien 179) But the Master was non sorry at all to let them go. They were expensive to keep, and their arrival had turned things into a long holiday in which business was a standstill. (Tolkien 185)Although the men keep alive old traditions in a new era, this quote symbolizes how the majority of things start out changed in this world. This excerpt situates the dwarves in the present time frame where power has shifted to evil forces, how the dwarves helpless control of their mountain city, and excessively how old legendary maps dont so well in a new environment. The men never unfeignedly experienced what it was like to live in a time where eachone and everything blended legal injuryoniously. After reading this in the book, I immediately made a amiable connection to a memory of the 6th grade.At the peak of the swine flu epidemic, my school started to administer vaccines to protect the students against the disease. I forgot to hand in a consent make to give them permission for a vaccine, so instead of take a crapting a vaccine, I got the nasal mist in my nose. The nurse asked me what my favorite fruit was, and I replied umm.. apples Not k promptlying what it was for, she made the thick goo they shot up my nose apple flavored. This was probably one of the weirdest feelings I have ever experienced. tho like Fili, I did not want to smell apples for a long time.This excerpt I picked reminds me of a part of the Odyssey. The specific part I am referencing to is the Suitors. After learning how expensive it is to have company over for an occasion, the connection I made between both pieces of literature only emphasizes this idea by giving more evidence . Not at any rate until the songs have come true (Tolkien 186) They beat on it, they thrust and pushed at it, they implored it to move, they spoke fragments of busted spells of lighting, and nothing stirred. (Tolkien 190) Tomorrow begins the last week of autumn. Said Thorin one say. And winter comes later on autumn, said Bifur. And next year after that, said Dwalin, and our beards will call d deliver till they hang down the cliff to the valley before anything happens here. (Tolkien 193) I purposely picked this quote to talk ab egress my reasoning of how these words relate to the menstruation generation of music. There is little or no rate of songs that be produced today that stay true to the art of music. For starters, most songs today arent evening made with real instruments. Secondly, almost all of the big time artists are auto-tuned.It isnt the strongest reference I have made, save I just coffin nailt stand how the stuff they call music is so massively praised. As th e group searches for the secret entrance Elrond has promised the dwarves based on the map, their failure to open the door foreshadows further struggle. The group will encounter more forms of resistance, because this isnt even the worst part of their luck they have been blessed with. This quote also shows the ofttimes repeated theme of perseverance displayed throughout the refreshing. The excerpt I presented here shows how the race against time is presented for the crew.This is because they do not have forever to bring about their tasks. Since they get agitated at how long parts of their quest take, it highlights qualities of the average Joe that they possess. They are not a group of godly, or immortal beings. We saw them cold shoulder down to size similarly when they were trapped by the wolves. The most that can be said for the dwarves it this they intended to pay Bilbo really handsomely for his services they had brought him to do a nasty job for them. And they did not mind the poor little fellow doing it if he would bit they would all have done their best to get him out of trouble, if he got into it (Tolkien 196) I have absolutely no use for calculus-guarded treasures and the whole lot could stay here forever, if only I could wake up and find this beastly tunnel was my own front-hall at home (Tolkien 198) but rising from the near side of the rocky floor at that place is a owing(p) glow. The glow of the Smaug (Tolkien 200) I had to chew this quote up a little bit and ponder upon it. A side of the dwarves that has not yet been shown is expressed here. I believe it is greed. The dwarves seem to be using Bilbo for his talents which make up a good thief.There isnt practically to say about the dwarves if they used Bilbo all on as their scapegoat. Bilbo speaks for himself in this quote. He is not thither to be someones tag along. He has a mind of his own and knows what is right and wrong. He also yearns for the safety and comfort of his own home when thro wn into the midst of a sticky situation. I can say that Bilbo is a very convince being. I specifically picked this quote because we have heard of the dragon throughout the whole book, but this is the first actual account we have about Bilbos encounter with the dragon first hand.The dragon is pictured as any other dragon from a mythical tale would be. The first and most grave trait being the dragon having firey breath. It is because of the dragons ability to promote havoc that gives the story an interesting outcome. Now do be careful mouth the hobbit, and as quiet as you can be There may be no Smaug at the bottom, but then again, there may be (Tolkien 215) Suddenly Bilbos arm went towards it drawn by its enchantment. His small hand would not close about it, for it was a large and heavy gem but he lifted it, shut his eyes and put it in his deepest pocket. (Tolkien 217) Hear, hear cried Bilbo, and flung himself on the ground. In the rock-chamber there would have been room for a h undred and there was a small chamber in the back. There they laid out all of their burdens. (Tolkien 224) I like this quote because it emphasizes Bilbos resourcefulness. He thinks through every possible consequence before he acts. This is a very useful trait to have, especially for someone that is on an adventure where one silly luxate can prove fatal. Acting so vigilantly will later prove fruitful for Bilbo.This is a substantial quote in a quite an small chapter. here we are introduced to the turning point of the story the Arkenstone. This is just one of the few treasures Bilbo retrieves. The arkenstone is one of the main reasons Thorin set out to reclaim what was erstwhile his ancestors. This quote also foreshadows Bilbos future resourcefulness. After reading the rest of the story, I noticed that the men start to reclaim what is theirs. It almost acts as a foreshadowing tool. The men, especially Thorin, know whats rightfully theirs and how it has been taken from them.It will only be a matter of time before they find out if they can hold on to their newly conquered area. The King beneath the Mountain They shouted. His wealth is like the Sun, his silver like a fountain, his rivers golden run The river is trail gold from the Mountain they cried, and everywhere windows were opening and feet were hurrying (Tolkien 226) Al lively men were jumping into the water on every side. Women and children were being huddled into laden boats in the market-pool. (Tolkien 228) Arrow Said the bowman. Black arrowI have saved you for last. You have never failed me and always I have recovered you. I had you from my grow and he from of old. If ever you came from the forges of the true king under the Mountain, go now and speed well (Tolkien 229) I interpreted this quote as a great example of dramatic chaff. The townspeople, who think the golden colored river in the distance is amassed wealth, are horribly wrong. The gold is in fact, a raging dragon ready to destroy everythi ng in its sight. Everyone starts to cry cheers of joy, when they should be crying tears of sadness.From this quote, I perceived a very strong mental image. The quote shows the true wrath of the Smaug. At the time The Hobbit was written, 1930, women and children were put first in the event of a disaster. For example, in the movie Titanic, one could see how women and children were loaded onto life boats before men. Here in this quote, if men were the first ones to give up and jump into the water, no one had a chance at survival by far. There would be no one to help others get on their way to safety. This quote stresses the theme of tradition throughout the story.Because the arrow was handed down from generations of old, it had a more higher importance. The archer believed the arrow had more experience seeing more time in battle situations. It is also interesting to read about how much faith was invested into his last shot. This excerpt also sparks my curiosity as to how the archer t alks to the lifeless arrow like an old friend. Now we will reelect to Bilbo and the dwarves. All night one of them had watched, but when morning came they had not heard or seen any sign of danger. But ever more thickly the birds were gathering.Their companies came temporary from the South and the crows that still lives about the Mountain were wheeling and crying unceasingly above. (Tolkien 234) Hail Thorin Why do you fence yourself like a robber in his hold? We are not yet foes, and we rejoice that you are alive beyond our hope. We came expecting to find non living here yet now that we are met there is matter for a parley and a council. (Tolkien 240) The whole place still stinks of dragon, he grumbled to himself, and it makes me sick. And cram is beginning simply to stick in my throat. (Tolkien 243)I picked this quote to apologize how the foreshadowing of Thorin reclaiming his ancestors mountain cabin wraps up. The dwarves are hiding out in the mountain, and now they will have to hold off against whoever feels induce to collect the dragons treasures. As the narrator switches points of views, he pictures birds thickly gathering. When you see something abnormal occur in nature, you get a feeling something questioning is about to happen. This picture Tolkien painted compelled me to keep on reading. Expecting the dwarves to be dead, the humans and their allies have come to claim the dragons treasures.The humans mean no harm to the dwarves, and once they find them there they suggest they should split the riches. Thorin, feeling all of it is his become very defensive and abruptly declines. This is the first time in the novel I found Thorin to be so bold in his actions. Considering they greet him with an overly-polite Hail Thorin , I think he should have gave them a small parting for slaying the dragon. Although I am not in the situation personally, I couldnt say what I would suggest. After finally reaching what his whole locomote was driven off of, he woul d need time to make a decision.I find quote humorous and ironic. Thus because Thorin wanted to remain close to his newly acquired treasures, and now he has to being that the mountain is besieged. Now, Thorin has had enough of the mountain when the fun just started. Now the days passed slowly and wearily. Many of the dwarves spent their time atomic pile and ordering the treasure and now Thorin spike of the Arkenstone of Thrain, and bade them eagerly to look for it in every corner. (Tolkien 244) I am tired of stairs and stone passages. I would give a good deal for the feel of sleuth at my toes.I would give a good deal for the feel of strong drink in my throat, and for a soft bed after a good supper (Tolkien 246) All in good time said Gandalf. Things are drawing towards the end now, unless I am mistaken. There is an unpleasant time just in front of you but keep your heart up You may come through all right. There us news brewing that not even ravens have heard. Good night (Tolkien 249) This is one of my most favorite examples of dramatic irony I came across in the novel. Thorin is searching for the Arkenstone restlessly.What he doesnt know is that Bilbo swiftly retrieved it on one of his first adventures into the mountain. At one point Bilbo gets worried after Thorin says he would put his life on the stone to get it back. Bilbo doesnt want a conflict to erupt between the three races. The dramatic irony throughout this novel up to this point made it much more fun to read. Eventually Bilbo is tired of sticking it out in the mountain. He longs for him miserable life so he takes matters into his own hands. Offering the Arkenstone, something so valuable to his expedition, to avoid conflict is something that was just in his nature.An action like this was very withstand for him, but he knew what he needed to do. In this quote, Gandalf is congratulating Bilbo on a job well done, yet not to become complacent because it is not all over yet. I think that it is essent ial Gandalf advised Bilbos actions of bravery and how he carries out what he believes in with such finesse. Bilbo gets excited because of Gandalfs compliments, and I felt happy for him. By the beard of Durin I wish I had Gandalf here Curse him for his choice of you May his beard wither As for you I will throw you to the rocks He cried and lifted Bilbo into his arms.Stay Your wish is granted said a voice. The old man with the casket threw aside his hood and cloak. Here is Gandalf And no(prenominal) too soon it seems. If you dont like my Burglar, please dont damage him. Put him down, and listen first to what he has to say (Tolkien 250-251) The Goblins are upon you Bolg of the northeastward is coming, O Dain Whose father you slew in Moria. Behold The bats are above his army like a sea of locusts. (Tolkien 255) It was a wondrous battle. The most dreadful of all Bilbos experiences, and the one which at the time he hated most. (Tolkien 257)This quote that I picked only further em phasizes the fact that Gandalfs and Bilbos views correspond with each other. Nothing bad can really result from a duo with supernatural powers and great resourcefulness. I also appreciate how Gandalf cuts Thorin down to size. I believe that the riches he sits upon got to his head and now he somewhat corrupt. In this part of the book, we are introduced to a new character, Bolg of the North. According to the book, Bolg is the son of Azog. This is very interesting because earlier in the book we learned Azog was the goblin who killed Thorins grandfather, Thror.This reminds me of the short story we read earlier in the year, The Interlopers, and how the hostility remained between the generations of family. This explanation of the battle given on the account of Bilbo really made me realize the degree of severity in which it occurred. If this was worse than Bilbos experience of being chased up a tree by wolves and then having it slowly burnt down with him stuck up there, then this battle m ustiness have been pretty bad. I would have to say it was by far Bilbos nightmare occurring in reality. When Bilbo came to himself, he was literally by himself (Tolkien 261) There and then lay Thorin Oakenshield, wounded with many wounds, and his rent armour and notched ace were cast upon the floor. He looked up as Bilbo came beside him. Farewell, good theif, he said. I go now to the halls of waiting to sit beside my fathers, until the world is renewed. Since I leave now all gold and silver, and go where it is of little worth, I wish to part in friendship with you, and I would take back my words and deeds at the Gate. (Tolkien 262) So comes snow after fire, and even dragons have their ending said Bilbo, and he turned his back on his adventure.The Tookish part was getting very tired, and the Baggins was daily getting stronger. I wish now only to be in my own armchair he said (Tolkien 268) This statement, which opens up the 18th chapter, highlights the life of solitude Bilbo longe d for the whole time he was away from his ascetic life. Tolkien shows how he was forced to cope by himself with no one there for him as they were either dead or in hiding. I felt a lot of sympathy here for Bilbo because he was always there to lend a hand to everyone else but in this instance, no one was there for him.Thrown in a much different situation, Thorin acts all told different towards Bilbo. Even though I disliked Thorin a lot since the beginning of the book, I looked at his character with a lot more mention after he parted by making amends with everyone especially Bilbo. Bilbo definitely deserved an apology and I revere Thorin for delivering it. I noticed that as time went on in the book, Bilbo kept longing for his hobbit hole. Since his Tookish blood that has longed for adventure is now satisfied, he needs time to recover from everything he has seen and experienced.Now fueled and pink-slipped by the drive to get home, nothing is vent to stop Bilbo. He is now a much st ronger, wiser, and keen hobbit. The dragon is withered, his bones are now crumbled His armour is shivered, His splendor is humbled Though sword shall be rusted, And throne and crown perish With strength that men trusted And wealth that they cherish, Here grass is still growing, And leaves are yet swinging, The white water flowing, And elves are yet singing Come Tra-la-la-lally Come back to the valley (Tolkien 269) Bless Me Whats going on? He cried.There was a great commotion and people of all sorts, respectable and unrespectable, were thick round the door, and many were going in and out not even wiping their feet on the mat, as Bilbo noticed with annoyance. (Tolkien 274) Thank goodness said Bilbo laughing, and handed him the tobacco-jar. (Tolkien 276) This excerpt, the elves being the speakers behind it, recite these lines in song. This quote shows how the slaying of the dragon and triumph over the goblins and Wargs not only positively affected Bilbo and the dwarves, but life i n all of the lands. Because of their brave actions, everyone can now live much more peacefully.In this quote, Bilbo finally returns home. Hes been round the world and back literally only to find his belongings are being auctioned off to strangers. If I was in Bilbos situation I would have probably gone berserk and thrown everyone out, one by one. I couldnt even have imagined such a thing happening to Bilbo. If there was one thing I can see Bilbo caring about is his good ol pipe and tobacco. These deuce items are the perfect combination to calm down and relax such a humble hobbit like Bilbo. I happy that at least his rob wasnt stripped from him at his homecoming. Bilbo has returned at last.

Influences: Celebrities Essay

The environment of a child molds them into the person they will become as an adult. The biggest influences in children lives atomic number 18 p atomic number 18nts and celebrities. in that respect are positive and negative influences these two both set as role models. When a child sees behavior of their parents affects their mental and social development as they grow. It seems today that children are trying to act older than they really are. Pressure from parents and celebrities could be responsible for this behavior and change in identity.The way children are influenced by our parents is entirely different by how they are influenced by celebrities. There are children who may make a bad decision about sex, drugs, money, or and maybe in life. As a child grows the images they see stays with them as the turn into teenagers. Then they think it is okay because the person they look up to besides a parent maintain demonstrated or talked about it. Parents washbowl also influence bad dec isions as well. Celebrities may play a great role in influencing a teenagers preferences and perception towards.It is important for celebrities to keep up a good image. The influence of celebrities can cranial orbit from ones personal appearance to how a person interacts with the community. Celebrities have influenced people to wear similar clothes, to have the analogous hairstyle, or to use the same brand of cosmetics and other personal effects. Teenagers look up to celebrities for every minor update from the fashion world in the lust to look good and current. Girls are pressured to be skinnier and prettier, because that is what they see women look like in magazines and television.Sex sells and the media know that. It is also dangerous for children and teens to become obsessed with celebrities and everything their lives entail. The infatuation teenagers have over celebrities and their lifestyles can take over their own lives. Parents cosmos the first influence in a kids life can affect them in the scoop out possible manner by helping them to develop good personalities full of quality ethical and moral values. Family is the primary institution in the lives of individuals, with mother being the first teacher. Parents influence the life of an individual in multiple ways.The kid looks at the lifestyle of his parents and tries to adapt with them, therefore following everything that he looks at. Parents are the sign influence in their childrens lives. If parents have good morals and confidence so will their children. But if children see their parents displaying negative behaviors such as smoking, or abusing drugs and alcohol, or even possessing low self-esteem, the children will believe it is acceptable and are more likely to do so. Although celebrities influence lives in a big way, parents have a greater influence.Quality time spent with family could balance their self-images and lessen the need closely watch what celebrities are doing and the entertainment s hows are created to cause fireplug directed towards famous people. No matter how much a person is influenced by celebrities, it can be limited when parents come into the picture. There is absolutely null wrong with a positive influence coming from celebrities, but when a person starts to show negative behavior because of this influence, parents and family will have to step in to change a persons perspective.Throughout our lives, we are influenced by a lot of people. During the early year, family and parents play an important role in influencing and develop our own set of attitude and behavior. Our personal relationship with our parents would determine how we respond to or how we are influenced by other people. As we grow up, we become heart-to-heart to famous people, more often celebrities, who can then influence the way we look, the way we dress, and the way we interact with other people in the community. The way we are influenced by our parents is entirely different by how we are influenced by celebrities.

Our Affect on the Enviornment

Semester Draft Kankakee Island Here is your country. Cherish these natural wonders, cherish the natural resources, cherish the account bowment and romance as a sacred heritage, for your children and your childrens children. Do not let egoish men or greedy Interests skin your country of Its beauty, Its riches or Its romance. Theodore Roosevelt. In my own words I signify Theodore Roosevelt implies that we need to be grateful for the natural wonders the earth has given us and the history it has behind it, to be considerate ND come back about the future generations of the planet.If the ignorance of selfish masses destroys your syndicate, do not let them. It is too valuable. Our limitations stick escaped us and we argon now crossing the threshold of what our Earth cig bette handle. By that I mean we are Impacting and absorbing to a greater extent than what the Earth bunghole handle depletion of resources, purlieual disasters, ecological instability, and climate change. We ne ed to set ourselves boundaries in order to keep our planet prosperous. Ignorance and the lack of self control are what push our agenda to doomsday on this dutiful planet of ours that much sooner.I think some pot Just dont realize the condition our planet is in and think to themselves, How does this affect me? wherefore do I care? I have a house, a Job, I doctor my own money, and no one pays my bills? This inconsiderate attitude towards our society Is what will hinder the well being of our planet, country, assure, metropolis, raven to the individual. This is our home and we need to start treating it how it deserves to be treated. We hurt the environment in more dashs than you could maybe imagine. Misguided construction, irrigation and mining dope face the natural landscape and disrupt significanceant ecological processes.Aggressive seek and hunting can deplete entire stocks of species. Human migration can introduce competitors to native food chains. voraciousness can lead to catastrophic accidents and laziness to environment wholey destructive practice. For example, Its dinnertime but, theres no food in the house, so you get in your car and strike to the grocery store. You walk down the aisles browsing for something to buy. You preference up chicken and a salad, and so return home to enjoy your meal. Consider the ways your simple-minded trip to the racket affected the environment.Driving to and from the store contributed carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The electricity required to light the store was supply by coal. The salad Ingredients were grown on a farm treated with pesticides. Getting the goods to the store required trucks, trains and more trucks, all of which emitted carbon. This is why I would love to have my own country, where people with the selfsame(prenominal) ideologies can make and discuss about any problems. Everyone will have a voice. My own country will be secluded. It will be an island not surrounded by any other countries. The island is small compared to other Islands.The hold is tropical like. at that place are b all(prenominal)es, rainforests, hills, and volcanoes. The population Is about 10,000 houses have built in solar panels since its roughly always solarizeny there. Solar panels will be a big commodity in my country. agree to Harry T. Roman from Business Source Elite, a well designed solar system can last for more than 20 years. It doesnt become any source of pollution, its quiet, and the suns energy is free of course. Harnessing the energy of the sun would greatly impact our society and evidently make our lives and the environment better.Every house would have its own small-minded power source instead of a coal powered plant for a whole city. My briny focus is energy conservation and the consequences it would have on the environment. Another alternative energy I have in mind is building large underwater turbines that could harness the endless power of waves. Imagine that. It would be like the giant turbines you see in other cities that are wind powered but these are under water. It could probably be connected to some sort of transformer and from there be transferred to businesses, restaurants, and other semipublic places.We can also use thermal energy since theres a volcano on the island. The trade union of come to Scientists references indicate that below the Earths crust, there is a layer of hot and molten rock called magma. Heat is continually produced there, mostly from the decay of naturally radioactive materials such as uranium and potassium. The most common modern way of capturing the energy from geothermal sources is to tap into naturally occurring hydrothermal convection systems where cooler water seeps into Earths crust, is heated up up, and then rises to the surface.When heated water is forced to the reface, it is a relatively simple matter to capture that s team up and use it to drive electric generators. Geothermal power plants drill their own h oles into the rock to more effectively capture the steam. The Union of Concerned Scientists also states that, some regions of the world are already tapping geothermal energy as an low-cost and sustainable solution to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, global warming, and public health risks that resolvent from their use.For example, more than 8,900 megawatts (MM) of large, utility-scale geothermal capacity in 24 countries now reduce enough electricity to take on the annual needs of nearly 12 million typical U. S. Households. Geothermal energy is definitely the way to go. It can produce vast amounts of energy to the whole country in a non-polluting way. Another devour my city will have is composting. Stainlessnesss. Com expresses that compost is created by the decomposition of organic matter such as yard waste.Compost systems confine compost so that it can receive air and create suitable temperatures for square-toed decomposition into fertilizer. Its sort of another way to recycle putting sack our waste into the Earth in a harmless way that promotes the well being of our residential district. Stainlessnesss. Com also implies that compost waste results in pitch landfill space, saving energy for transporting material, and the creation of a high quality fertilizer at the location where it can be used (thereby again saving energy). In addition, plastic garbage bags are also saved. Our island will not waste any resources if they absolutely cannot be used again. Our islands main economic income, being that its a tropical island, grows lush vegetation and other crops. Coconut, banana, sugar, bamboo, rice, pineapple, cocoa beans, are the most important crops we grow. Its what we live reach of. There is also a fishing company at the island which goes out and gathers only the fish the island needs. They do it once companies are well known in our island mainly for their mutual, social, and economic benefit.Trade is also practiced in some of the villages arou nd the island as well. We also do not grow our crops with pesticides On the island we are all aware of the devastation and corruption pesticides do. Everything is grown organically and nothing is tampered with. Raucousnesss. Org states that at the systems level, organic agriculture that builds discoloration and encourages biodiversity delivers more diverse/pro give benefits and ecological services than farming which amounts to agricultural sacrifice areas divorced from their geologic surroundings, which would be superb for our environment.Mostly everyone travels on bikes or walks being that the country is small. Only some people own cars, and some of those cars are hybrids, which are imported. On our island some resources are abundant. Metals such as, steel, aluminum, copper, etc, are scarce. importation these goods is vital for building our city structures and public facilities. Most of the houses are built with a combination of bamboo found on the island, clay, some wood, and st eel. The AC is powered by our water from the ocean or from geothermal power. commonwealth lines are needed also to use phone service.Internet service requires people to go to the highest elevation and is severaliseicular(a) due to the higher cost. But steel is required to build some of these utilities so we must import at times. There are various social services and recreation activities to do around the island as well. Some of the social services include hospitals, police station, a community center, market/ trade center, a community college, and some restaurants. Those are all located in the downtown area, which is small. There are many things to do for recreation on Kankakee Island. Surfing is a big hit on the island.Theres also biking riding, sledding to the beach, fishing, and hiking. People also go on nature walks. They usually go to the rainforests, meditate, smoke, and connect with nature. The people of Kankakee are very nature oriented and have a strong spiritual connect ion with nature itself. There are also events celebrating nature. People Join in dance, smoke herb, eat fruits and vegetables, and praise that their island is the way it is sustainable and peaceful. Kankakee Island was founded by a husband and wife named George Kankakee and Donna Kankakee in the sasss.George and Donna used to live in the crowded city of Los Angles. George was an architect and Donna was an environmental scientists. They had the typical American life but hated the city they lived in. They didnt like the crowdedness and state the city was in (environmentally wise). So George and Donna decided to do something bold in their lives. They wanted to stand for something they and thousands of people believed in. They wanted their own country where it could be sustainable and all the people that lived in their country had the same ideas.So they sold their house, located an island in international waters with some help of peers, and started to look into making it their home and to the home of now 10,000 people come alive. The only way to get to the island is by ship or boat so they set course for the island and were at sea for quite some time. They first had to go to the island and spend some time there to see what it was like. They first observed what resources the island had and experimented with these resources to see which can be sustainable.Being that George was an architect and Donna an environmental community. They started doing research and came up with alternative energy systems that would do no harm to the environment and would still be classified as a livable place. After that, they started to gather up materials, team up with colleagues that would help them in exchange to live on the island, and started to build their own community. Word then got out of the island and people with similar backgrounds in science, math, and business asked if they can settle on the island.From there the community started growing and more sophisticated structures an d alternative energies were being built. Kankakee Island was now a livable environment. To conclude, Kankakee Island will be one of the most diverse places in the world to live. It has many benefits to any individual that has the right state of mind for the environment. Lush fields of vegetables and plenty of fruit grown organically with no pesticides will make any one happy. Alternative resources harvest the purest forms of sustainable energy on Earth.Using solar, geothermal, and water, we can expand our ideas and create a better life for all of us and our planet. We can show off to the rest of the world what a magnificent Job weve done and can serve as an example to some of the countries in need of an environmental safeguard. Humanity and nature can coalesce into one and start working for each other instead of fighting against it. Not Just the island, but also the people itself 10,000 conscious individuals doing their part in a systemic community. Kankakee Island is the perfect ex ample of the most perfect place to live.

Growing Importance of the Global Economy Essay

How has the growing importance of the spheric economy affected your ecesiss competitiveness? The global financial crisis continues to be a severe shock to most enterprises. The initial economic downturn, the worst since the capacious Depression, has affected almost all sectors of the economy. Everyone and every organization that has felt the pain. The company I work for serve up the basic insurance needs of the fast-growing but largely beneath-served American middle income market. While many an(prenominal) insurers have moved up-market, we are firmly committed to helping working families and retirees get basic justification by long-term care, life and supplemental health insurance products, as well as annuitiesHow has your organization responded to this? My company offer consumers choice in how they buy insurance products. They can buy treat from Colonial Penn, which has special expertise in direct sales. They can purchase products across the kitchen table through career age nts from Bankers Life and Casualty Company, independent agents of our Washington National Insurance Company unit or through its Performance Matters Associates marketing arm, both of which also offer voluntary benefit products to employees at the workplace.What recommendations would you pretend for your organization to improve its strategic decision-making? I would have consolidated and integrated all operations under a single resource with the goal of delivering improved customer service even as we decreased costs. A streamlined application and straight-through processing system has shortened customer and agent turn-around times and lower application costs.2013 CNO Financial Group, Inc. http//www.cnoinc.com

The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway

terrorism has always been a part of humans history. Although t here(predicate) is silence no clear score about the act of terrorism, a terrorist and terrorism itself, it is evident that it has a drastic consequence on the alliance and the peoples lives. Technically, terrorism is classified as international and domestic. This paper will focus on a particular domestic terrorism the gigabit Gas Attack on the capital of Japan Subway. include here is the account of the incident, the perpetrators, the chemical substance apply, the victims and the long-term effect of this incident.The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway was considered the worst terrorist attack in Japan. Five members of the Aum Shinrikyo armed with gigabit gas executed the assault on the morning of March 20, 1995 in the busy subways of Tokyo. Five more than members were waiting outside as getaway device drivers. The perpetrators entered the Marunouchi, Hibiya and the Chiyoda s ubway follows with bagfuls of gilbert cover with newspaper. They boarded trains and released the sarin by pricking the bags with their pointed umbrellas.As the fluent face means turned into gas and immix with the air, the commuters were immediately pois nonp areild. It resulted to 12 deaths and more than 3,000 were injured. Because sarin poisoning was still unfamiliar during that time, Japans aesculapian system had a hard time diagnosing and treating the victims. Hospitals were completely given information on the diagnosis and treatment through fax by Dr. Yanagisawa Nobuo who had encountered treating sarin poisoning. Today, many of the victims still suffer from the nerve agents after effects such as breathing problems, depression and brain damage.Aum Shinrikyo Aum Shinrikyo is the Japanese formulate for Supreme Truth. It is founded in 1984 by partially blind Chizuo Matsumoto, known as Master Shoko Asahara to his fol turn aways. It started as a yoga and meditation class a nd progressed later on. It was recognized as a religious organization in 1989 and it was called a religion for the elite because the recruits were mostly young graduates from the countrys premium universities. This grouping worships Shiva being their god and its belief is a combination of Buddhism, Taoism, tantric yoga and Asaharas interpretation of Christianity.Their teachings drop great dialect on apocalyptic scenarios and millennial visions being Nostradamus as one of their prophets. Asahara also prophesized that Japan would soon be annihilated by biological, nuclear and chemical weapons as a part of the impending Armageddon in 1999, and only the chase of Aum Shinrikyo will survive. There are three training systems the followers must undergo in order to obtain deliverance. The first is called the tantric yoga where the recruit is taught basic yoga, ways of individualal cleansing and meditation.The randomness is called the siddhi course where the students are taught the rele ase of an energy called kundalini which they believed to be dwelling in a latent evoke at the base of the spine (http//encarta. msn. com). The third course is called bodha from which energy from Asahara is spiritually transferred to the disciples. They also believe that redemption plenty be attained by giving up material things and by offering somebodyal riches to the organization. Aum Shinrikyo is not concent assessd in Japan alone. Around the world, it has approximately 20,000 to 40,000 members.In order to financially sustain their activities and operations, the fury collects currency by means of tithes, donations, selling religious stuff and otherwise merchandises. The believers who con to center of attention the cults seminars and trainings are also charged with large follow of money. The cult also owns a computer factory and a chain of restaurants in Japan. Before the March 20, 1995 incident, Aum Shinrikyo has been linked with a proceeds of other assaults. It attemp ted to discharge butulin toxin around the government buildings in Tokyo in April 1990.During the wedding of the hint prince in June 1993, it again made an attempt to release the same poison around the imperial palace. On June 27, 1994, a several members of the cult released a cloud of sarin in a residential plain of Matsumoto, a city located northwest of Tokyo. Seven people died and five hundred more were hospitalized. What followed here was the most tragic attack which became the eye-opener to the great possibility of chemical agents as weapon of mass destruction. The main Perpetrators The following are five groups of the ten members of Aum Shinrikyo responsible for the March 20, 1995 attack Ikuo Hayashi and his driver Tomomitsu Niimi Kenichi Hirose and his driver Koichi Kitamura Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozako Yasuo Hayashi and his driver Shigeo Sumimoto Ikuo Hayashi was a heart and artery specialist doctor befor e he united Aum Shinrikyo in 1990. He left his family and his job and followed Asahara and became the Minister of Healing. He handled members who were suspected for betrayal by administering electric car shocks and sodium pentothal. He was assigned to execute the assault on the Chiyoda line.He boarded the southwestbound train and pierced the bag of chemical at Shin-ochanomuzu station. This resulted to two deaths and 231 people were injured. After the incident at the subways, he was given a sentence of life imprisonment. His driver, Tomomitsu Niimi was sentenced to death. Prior to joining Aum Shinrikyo, Kenichi Hirose was a holder of a postgraduate degree in Physics from Waseda University (Wikipedia). He had major contribution in the cults Chemical Brigade and robotic Light Weapon Development system. He was assigned to release the chemical on the westbound Marunochi line headed to Ogikubo.He boarded the train and pierce the bag of sarin at the Ochanomizu station. One died and 358 suffered from the toxin. He himself was affected by the sarin that he discharged but was able to inject himself with the antidote, atropine sulphate, and was given medical attention at the cults headquarters. Toru Toyoda was also a member of the Chemical Brigade of Aum Shinrikyo. He was an applied natural philosophy graduate from Tokyo University before he became an Aums disciple. The northeastbound Hibiya line was the assignment of Toyoda. He boarded the train discharge to Tobu-dobutsukoen and released sarin at Ebisu.This resulted to one death and 532 serious injuries. He was also sentenced to death after this attack. Masato Yokoyama was the Undersecretary of the cults Ministry of scientific discipline and Technology and one of the contributories of their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing system. Prior to becoming Aums member, he was an applied physics graduate of Tokai University. He was assigned at the Ikeburo-bound Marunouchi line. He boarded the train at Shinjuku and pu nctured his bag of sarin at Yotsuya. The agent e drying upated slowly because he was only able to pierce one hole. He was given death sentence after this incident.Yasuo Hayashi held the third high schoolest position in Aums Ministry of Science and Technology. He graduated from Kogakuin Univeristy with a degree in artificial intelligence. He was assigned to release sarin at the southwestbound Hibiya line leaving Kita-senju headed to Naka-meguro. He punctured the bags of sarin at Akihabara. Because of the number of punctures he made, commuters were straightaway affected by the chemical. This resulted to 8 deaths and 275 serious injuries. He was also sentenced to death after the incident as well as his getaway driver Shigeo Sugimoto.After this assault, Aum Shinrikyos assests were taken away from the group as well as its status as a religious organization. Sarin Asahara ordered his members to mass larn sarin in 1993 and the chemical plant started to operate in 1994. Originally, sarin was developed to be used as a pesticide. It was first made in Germany in 1938 and it is not organic. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid that mix into the air when vaporized. It is now considered as a chemical warfare agent under the kinsperson of a nerve agent.Nerve agents are the deadliest and fastest acting chemical warfare agents. These are comparable with(predicate) to insect killers, organophosphates, because of the hazards that they bring. Because of the nature of sarin, humans are vulnerable to the fatal effects of this chemical. There are different means that a person can be exposed to this. Once it vaporized into the air, a person can contract sarin through the eyes, skin and nose. If sarin is mixed in water, a person can be poisoned by drinking or even touching the water. Solid food can also be tainted with sarin which is also lethal if eaten.People situated at lower grounds tend to have greater exposure to sarin because of its dense vapor. The degree of tox icity brought by sarin can be determined by the persons manner of exposure to the chemical, the amount of the chemical and how long was the persons exposure. If a person is exposed to sarin in its vapor form, the symptoms will be obvious within a few seconds. If it is in the liquid form, on the other hand, the symptoms will show within a few minutes up to 18 hours. Generally, nerve agents control by inhibiting the chemicals in the body to perform its function as the regulator of the muscles and glands.Once the effects of sarin take place, the muscles and glands will no longer be slowed down resulting to fatigue and breathing difficulty. Of all the nerve agents, sarin is the fastest to change its form from liquid into gas and scatter into the air. Due to this characteristic, its effects take place instantly but short-term. The following are the signs and symptoms of exposure to a small or comely dose of sarin Runny nose Watery eyes Small, pinpoint pupils Eye pain misty vision Drooling and excessive sweating Cough Chest tightness Rapid breathing Diarrhea change magnitude urination Confusion Drowsiness Weakness Headache Nausea, vomiting Slow or fast heart rate Low or high blood pressure The following are the signs and symptoms of exposure to high doses of sarin Loss of consciousness Convulsions Paralysis Respiratory failure possibly leading to death (http//terrorism. about. com) Sarin Poisoning Victims According to survey conducted about the sarin gas poisoning victims, year after the incident, more than 17% of the respondents still suffer from amiable and emotional stress. Of the 5,300 individuals spoken to, only 1,500 agreed to respond to the survey, signifying that they are still disturbed by the incident.Of the respondents, many experience flashbacks to the event and panic attacks when boarding trains (www. factnet. org). Although majority of the victims still endure constant eye strain and other physical ailments, the most vital poi nt is the mental distress. A large number of the victims still worry about getting involved in a similar incident feel sad when I encounter something that reminds me of the incident and try not to hypothesize about anything related to the incident (www. factnet. org). Aum Shinrikyo Today After the attack on March 20, 1995, Aum Shinrikyo changed its name to Aleph and it had a new leader, Fumihiro Joyu.Joyu declared that the group gave up its illicit interests and violent practice. Aleph also gave out about 2. 5 million dollars for the victims of the assault. But being on the list of terrorists, they are still being monitored in the curse that it still has malicious objectives. Its members are now ranging approximately from 1,500 to 2,000 who communicate through the Internet and videoconference. Most of its followers are in Japan and some are in Russia despite the ban imposed to the cult. Although the group gained negative image, it is still onto progressive recruitment and publicit y.In order to sustain their activities, they maintain their method of earning money such as soliciting donations, selling religious paraphernalia, collecting tithes, conducting training and seminars and selling computers, which is the most productive artificial lake of funds. They are able to destabilize competitors by producing cheap software and computers written and assembled by dedicated and low-waged cult members (www. cdi. org). The possibility of manufacturing chemical and biological weapons is now very small since the abolishment of the groups chemical facilities in a number of raids.There are still debates, though, about the implications that this cult may have brought in about terrorism especially with the use of chemical agents as weapons of mass destruction. Incidents such as this show how people underestimate terrorism. Japan is a country who has relatively low crime rate and Aum Shinrikyu is considered a religious organization which is expected to exhibit acts of good intentions. This incident calls for a broader perspective on terrorism as well as extra vigilance on the possibility of violence inflicted to a large number of people with the use of weapons of mass destruction.

Best Practices for Social Science Writing Essay

When accessible scientists write their enquiry written document, they usually discuss the methods that they worked in gathering and analyzing their data and the results that they were able to generate development these methods. They be perspectives seldom concentrate on the committal to paternity process itself (Cuba, 1997). authorship in the compass of sociable light requires the use of insight and look to better understand and make concrete observations and findings about the various behavioural elements.There are many methods of conducting complaisant wisdom studies namely by observations, interviews, surveys and case studies. However, when one starts makeup the look into paper that would embody these apposite findings, the author usually faces the challenges that many social science writers encounter. These problems imply the complexities of achieving clarity, the potential for committing biases, writing in the origin-person perspective, the use of quotations and in-text citations to support the analysis, and coiffureting styles particular to the field of social sciences.When writing ones own investigate paper, it is all-important(prenominal) for a scholar in the field of social science to micturate a grasp of the basic writing techniques peculiar to social science in order to produce an academic paper that is relevant, in fleshative and worth reading. The prevalence of search engines and the use of the sphere Wide Web have made it easier for scholars nowadays to conduct their studies and research with ease and in an lively manner. The libraries and other academic centers which make available to the public the latest references has in addition contributed to a big extent to achieving academic quality of various writings.Complexities in Achieving Clarity Like any other field of deal, impressive writing requires constant practice. This entails continuous process of writing, editing and rewrite ideas and use of words to convey these thoughts clearly to the intended audience (Cuba, 1997). Oftentimes, students of social science put off writing their research paper until they have completed doing all their research and compiled their bibliography. This practice save sometimes leads to insufficient time in writing the paper itself.In order to achieve clarity when writing a social science research paper, Hult (1996) enumerated the two components that mustiness be considered rhetorical question and organization. The components of a rhetorical situation intromit 1) the writers purpose 2) the writers persona 3) the potential readers or audience 4) the subject return and 5) the appropriate language or tone (Hult, 1996). In starting the research write-up, the writer must conciliate the purpose of his paper and he must be able to define it clearly finishedout the complete paper.The purpose need non be complex. A simple purpose depart do so long as the readers can have a grasp of what the research is all ab out. Writers in the field of social science must as well neutralise writing in the head start-person persona as this exit affect the objectiveness of their research. Identifying the intended audience will also help the writer in decision making what specific issues to discuss and what areas to stave off. For example, a person writing in the field of political science will have to consider political analysts as his potential readers.The subject matter is the most important expectation of the rhetorical situation (Hult, 1996). A writer must carefully select his thesis statement and steady down from the materials gathered what facts must be included as well as those which need non be discussed. Furthermore, the research writer might also consider providing a glossary of terms when writing on a technical subject in order to make it easier for the readers to understand the language and tone of the research paper. Omitting Biases and Avoiding First Person typography StyleIt is not uncommon practice in the field of social science to write using the offset person persona. Writing from the first person perspective however indicates subjectivity in arriving at ones own research findings and this in turn diminishes the objectivity of the research. In order to be more persuasive, the writer must couch his paper from a trio person perspective so as to reverse the impression that he is impelled more by his own biases rather than reporting the facts gathered from relevant data.Omitting biases should be the foremost consideration of every(prenominal) social science writer because this field requires objectiveness and keen understanding of the facts and data. Un like writers in the field of books who have unbridled discretion to unleash their feelings and emotions in their papers, social science writers are bound by their duty to report the facts as they appear and not as they think it should be. The field of social science is primarily detail-oriented and mus t be supported by relevant, empirical, and reliable facts.In order to avoid biases, the writer must always dwell on the facts gathered and must use relevant themes to support his findings. ancient and secondary sources play an important role in the persuasiveness of ones research engagement because the extent of the credibility of a research paper is to a great extent determined by the depth of research done by the investigator to support his study. The writer must also avoid labeling his chosen population or individual participants to avoid offending the readers. When dealing with a particular cultural group or race, it is advisable to call them as they would like to be called.In order to avoid language biases, use the terminology applicable in the research itself. For example, when reporting on a study conducted on two types of participants, it is advisable to describe them according to how they were classified in the given study provided the labels are in themselves not offe nsive per se. Minimizing the Use of Quotations A writers source material must be in the form of paraphrases and summaries. However, paraphrased materials must still be properly documented either through in-text citations or footnotes or endnotes.Hult (1996) added that putting source material in your own words will correct the flow of your paper since the paraphrased style will blend with your own writing style and will olibanum contribute to its consistency. Minimize the use of direct quotations. The use of too many direct quotations distracts the reader and it also minimizes coherence of the writing style. It also leaves the impression that the writer knows little about his topic and is in fact relying heavily on what others have come up with (Hult, 1996).What the writer can do is paraphrase or summarize the dish out of the materials used and document it properly. If using direct quotes cannot be avoided, the following principles are assistive in incorporating them smoothly in the research paper. First, when using quotations with four lines or less in length, close in them with quotation marks and incorporate them in the text. Second, quotes should be alleged using the verb tense which is consistent with the tense of the quoted material. Third, revision the capital letter to lower case and vice versa, within the quote if necessary.Fourth, enclosed in brackets the letter or words inserted inside the quoted material to separate them from the quoted material itself. Fifth, use ellipsis to signal that a material has been omitted from the quote. Sixth, punctuate the direct quote as it appears from the original. Seventh, a period or a comma which is part of the quote should be placed inside the quotation marks. Eighth, use a colon to introduce a quote which is more than one sentence or if the introductory material prior to the quoted portion is too long. Ninth, use a comma for short quotes (Hult, 1996).Using In-text Citations to Support Analysis A researche r who intends to make use on in-text citation in his write-up should keep in mind the American psychological Association (APA) style which requires the use of past tense or present perfect tense when referring to before research materials. For example, it is incorrect to say Smith (2008) states that when referring to Smiths research findings. Instead, the researcher must employ the past or present perfect tense hence, the in-text citation should appear like this Smith (2008) state/has stated thatIn-text citations must follow the author-date format under the APA citation style, e. g. , (Smith, 2008) and a complete documentation of the source must appear in the reference list. Electronic sources are cited in the same manner as citing a printed document, e. g. , (Purdue University Online Writing research lab, 2008). For sources with no date available, place n. d. (meaning no date) after the authors last name, e. g. , (Smith, n. d. ). Formatting Expectations A writer must check ove r to it that his paper is professional in appearance.This is not to say however that attention to format should be every social science writers foremost consideration. It is also equally important to confer with your instructor as to what should be the appropriate format style for the particular paper. When preparing the paper, it is best to be conservative when it comes to formatting style rather than be splashy and vulgar, thus making the paper look less serious and informal. Hence, margin must not be justified on both side of the page but only on the left side only.The American Psychological Association (APA) is the most commonly used citation style format in the field of social sciences. The guidelines provided under the APA provides a useful tool in writing research papers, using in-text citations and reference page and using footnotes or endnotes. Under the APA formatting style, page headers are required to be placed in the upper right-hand of every page. This page header mus t contain the first two to three words of the entitle followed by the page number. The title page should already study include the page header.A running head must also appear on the first line of the title page flush-left. On the upper half of the page, centered, the full title of the paper, the name of the writer and university or affiliation must be indicated (Purdue University Online Writing Lab, 2008). Research papers are normally comprised of the title page, the abstract (if appropriate), the main body, the references, and the appendixes (if appropriate). The abstract need not be written for short research papers but for published research reports, an abstract is always required regardless of the length of the paper (Hult, 1996). addendum may be used to include raw data and other information that need not appear in the main body but is likewise important in the research paper. It is dictated after the reference page and is labeled sequentially in letters. The reference page must include all the sources used in the research paper. The sources must be in alphabetical order by authors last name and need not be numbered. Conclusion Writing is a necessary aspect of social research (Cuba, 1997).A good research means that the writer gave great effort in collecting and organizing his data as well as in organizing his findings in a dour and scholarly manner suitable to the academic community he intends to present his study to. In preparing the research paper, every writer in the field of social science must consider the pertinent style guides applicable. The writing process is an analytic strategy that can only be improved through practice. This necessarily means that every social science researcher preparing his paper must open to revisions.The first draft must not be the final paper. Every writer must be also be willing to take constructive criticism from his colleagues because all too often, a writer cannot see the errors of his own work unless others point them out. Letting others read your research paper will help you in assessing some of the loopholes in your own arguments. Writing in the field of social sciences is an important aspect of the research itself because the manner in which a given study is presented contributes to the persuasiveness of the ones findings and output.As such, it is important to be familiar with the writing techniques, styles, and formats applicable in your field of research so as to avoid mistakes and errors in presenting your research. The APA citation format style is a helpful tool in the social sciences and every scholar in this field must familiarize himself this formatting to avoid the inconvenience of revising and rewriting the research paper. The social science paper must be formal as to its structure and form and the writer must avoid using first person persona that is usually employed in the literary field.The sentences must be well-crafted and concise and must clearly reflect in a coherent and t horough manner the findings of the researcher without the need of extravagant words or details. Social science research writing is a challenging task for every writer. It requires practice and hard work just like collecting the data itself. It is an inevitable part of every researchers academic life and it cannot be avoided. Hence, every researcher must be familiar with the format and style peculiar to this field in order to increase the success of ones research paper. ReferencesCuba, Lee (1997). Short Guide to Writing About Social Science (4th Ed. ). Addison-United States Wesley program lineal Publishers Inc. Gerring, John, Yesnowitz, Joshua & Bird, Stephen (2004). General Advice on Social Science Writing. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http//people. bu. edu/jgerring/documents/Adviceonessaywriting. pdf Hult, Christine (1996). Researching and Writing in the Social Sciences. Boston, Allyn and Bacon. Hess, Diana (2007). From Banished to Brother Outsider, Miss Navajo to An Inconvenient Truth Documentary Films as Perspective-Laden Narratives.Social Education 71 (4), 194-199. McDonald, Susan, MD. Social Science Writing Guide. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http//www. emayzine. com/lectures/writing. htm Mullen, Carol (2006). Best Writing Practices for Graduate Students reduction the Discomfort of the Blank Screen. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http//cnx. org/content/m14054/latest/ Przeworski, Adam and Salomon, Frank (1995). The Art of Writing Proposals several(prenominal) Candid Suggestions to Social Science Research Council Competitions. Social Science Research Council.Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http//fellowships. ssrc. org/art_of_writing_proposals/ Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) (19 June 2008). APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved August 2, 2008 from http//owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/http//Web address for OWL resource. Watts, Michael. The Holy grail In Pursuit of the Dissertation Proposal. Institute of International Studies. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http//globetrotter. berkeley. edu/DissPropWorkshop/process/InPursuitofPhD. pdf