The Structure and Use of 3D Models

The social structure and Use of 3D Models ex take on showing the structure and use of 3D ModelsTopic 1 Structure of 3D amazes3D prep be systems rationalize There atomic number 18 two types of devise systems that argon commonly apply in 3D graphics, either left or skilful handed, in round(prenominal) coordinate systems both the positive X and Y axis atomic number 18 the alike with the Z axis being the only main difference. dieWorld The populace coordinate system alike known as universe or form coordinate system is the base reference for the over every last(predicate)(a) example, all other stumpers relate to.Local The local anaesthetic coordinate system relates specifically to a selected reject when the intent conveys the local axis will affect with is making it easier to animate. The local space has a completely separate xyz from the cosmea/global xyz.Z-up Is unrivaled of the prove axis and is use to say how far a model is tendd left or right depending o n the number given.Y-up Is the up/elevation axis and is utilize to determined where a model is set when moved either up or down depending on the number that is given. approximate the 3D coordinate system is extremely tendingful as it gives us a visual reference on where an cath finesseical object/model would be in the 3d world. This al brokens us to position models exactly where we destiny them.Views of 3D modelsExplain There are two ways we push aside look at 3d models either scene or orthographic, they are utilise to exit the 3d model in either the idea of the user (perspective) or as a flat 2d image (orthographic). die posture Perspective is an pretend representation of an image as seen by the users eye, the closely characteristic take of perspective pictureing are that objects show up smaller the further away as the distance from the object and observer increases.orthographic Orthographic view has a fixed depth in which you female genital organnot zoom in or give away, and is utilise when checking if unlike models at assorted depths are the same surface, this is done by making the models appear 2d.Evaluate both views hire their wagess and disadvantages, where the perspective view terminate help you view the models/objects in a way that is native to the human eye it doesnt help when youre hard to match the height of distant objects, whereas victimization the orthographic view allows you to see all objects as a 2D image allowing you to scale objects to the correct coat.The Geometric Structure of ModelsExplain - 3D models are mathematical representations of an object, they can be compared to sculpting as a 3D artificer would build or mold the object by taking into account all the sides and angles. The elements that piss a 3D model consist of vertices, edges, faces and polygons, all of which can be manipulated individually in whichever software you take in such as blender, Maya or 3D studio Max. give out Vertex Vertices are the smallest point of a 3D model, they are do when two or much(prenominal) edges meet therefore corners of the polygons fuse together to hazard a vertex. The vertex is shared between all edges, faces and polygons and would bear on all of these if the vertex is transformed. go on The edge in a 3D model is a line which connects two vertices and borders faces and polygons, transforming these will affect all vertices faces and polygons which are committed to the edge.Polygon/face Face is a triangular surface connected by three surrounding edges and three corner vertices where as a polygon is an even iv surface made up of four or to a greater extent than corners and two or to a greater extent faces, advanced quality 3D characters are unremarkably made of four sided polygons as ones with five or to a greater extent sides can bring forth issues.Element the elements of a model are as follows tets, bricks, prisms, and pyramids these can be apply to involvement whate ver 3D model, with the 2D equivalents being triangular and quadrilateral elements.Surface normal modifying the penchant of surface normals affects the polygons appearance, when the surface normals are at right angles to a face light appears to bounce shoot the surface, this sharply defines the polygon face creating crisp edges, when set at dissimilar angles this allows light to roll off, which creates a smoother look.Evaluate knowing the structure of a model can help in decision making which shapes to start from and excessively to help manipulate the shape into the desired model/ object that you are look for.The Structure of Different PolygonsExplain There are three distinct ways of creating a ensnarl either use triangles quads or n-gons, tris and quads are more preferable than and n-gons are besides avoided at all cost as they can cause issues.Analyse Triangles Triangles are a simple three sided polygon,made of three vertices connecting three edges, it is the smallest configuration indigenceed to make a polygonal face. Also referred to as a tri.Quads Quads are the most desired type of polygon and most artist would use only quads as it makes their take in more appealing to customers. They are made up of exactly four sides and four vertices, quads can to a fault be referred to as quadrilateral polygons.N-gons N-gons are made up of more than four edges and vertices, n-gons can usually be divided into either quads or triangles or sometimes both which makes them easy to replace. They are usually avoided as they often create unwanted topology.Evaluate Using tris quads is very healthful sought subsequently as theses are what computers can hark back them a lot faster especially quads, ngons on the other hand are usually avoided as they tend to cause distortion and deformation, tris can too cause this issue only not as much.Different methods of creating modelsExplain There are two different ways of creating models either with polygonal theoret ical account or spline/curve based modeling, these are both used to create models with polygonal being the most used as it is more flexible un little curve-based will make smoother curves.Analyse Polygonal modeling Polygons are created by using points in a 3d space called vertices, when they are connected together they form a mesh, which is used in the main for 3d models as they can easily be manipulated and consecrateed by computers right away. On the downside they are planar and can only estimate a curved edge based on many polygons.Spline/ curve-based modeling Curves are based off weighted control points, which when increased influences the curve closer to that point. The curve follows but does not always enter the points. Curve types include splines, nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS), patches and geometric primitives.Evaluate The different methods in modeling be it polygonal or curved based both confuse different advantages and uses depending on what is needed, polygo nal modeling is best used for 3D models as they can be rendered right away by computers but the downside is that they are planar and can only make rough curves. Curve establish on the other hand is best used in a situation where curves and edges moldiness be as smooth as possible such as in engineering, although manipulating it can be a lot harder.Pivot pointsExplain Pivot points are used to represent the location of a model in space, they are to a fault used to control how models rotate and scale and move. All changes to a model are relative to the pivot point.Analyse -Move moves the pivot point bringing the object that is connected to the pivot point with it.Scale increases or decreases the size of the object from the point of the pivot origin.Rotation rotates the object/model more or less the pivot point depending on the postion of the pivot point.Evaluate Having a movable pivot point is advantageous as it allows the object to be moved, rotated and scaled from different points allowing you to manipulate the object in many ways.UV coordinatesExplain Are 2D coordinates used on a 3D model and are basically a textures x and y coordinates which always range from 0 to 1. With the V value button from fucking left to top left and the U value going from bottom left to bottom right, individually vertex will have a uv coordinate value.Analyse - UV playping is usually done by unfolding a model, a pyramid for example, at the seams laying the model image onto a flat page once unwrapped the artist can past paint a texture onto each side triangle individually.Evaluate Allows for more luxuriant texturing and painting on 3D models by assigning pixels in the image to surface subprogrampings on the polygon, this can then be easily exported to other 3d programs and then further adjusted. aff aura methodsExplain - Mapping methods are ways in which textures are applied to different models and objects, they are mainly used to fast-flyingly apply a texture to dif ferent shaped models depending on what the model shape is as some work better than others.AnalysePlanar planar is used to apply a texture onto a flat model such as basic terrain and walls, when trying to place a texture on an uneven or complex surface it can often stretch and distort polygons that are not facing the projected be directly.http//www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.phpBox box mapping is done by placing a texture onto a model from six different sides, which is mainly used when you need quick mapping for less important of a model, and also used on technical or architectural objects. It is however not as useful for texturing more natural models where more accurate mapping is required.http//www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.phpCylinder Cylindrical mapping is used for mapping more cylindrical models such as arms, cans and trees, it is one of the most used type of mapping but still needs tweaking afterwards in t he uv editor.http//www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.phpSpherical Spherical mapping is mainly used to map out asteroids and planets, one downside is that it causes pixels to compact at the poles of the compass. It can be used to block out mapping on human heads but loses its usefulness on models with treble overlapping parts. Requires significant work afterwards.http//www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.phpUnwrapping unwrapping is done by creating uv coordinates which is generated for each vertex. One way is for the 3d modeler to unfold the mesh at the seams laying the model on a flat page, once unwrapped you can then paint a texture on each individual polygon.Pelt pelt mapping is used to map more natural models like animals and characters, pelt mapping allows you to pull a detailed uvw map flat allowing you to make a more accurate shape of the model which makes it easier to produce a more convincing texture.Evaluate Most mapping methods are extremely useful as they allow you to map a texture onto the different surfaces of a model as there are multiple choices to crack from there is usually one to fit the model you are working on, theses can save a great deal of time by quickly mapping the texture onto oddly shaped models which would be time consuming otherwise.The materials used on 3D models.Explain Adding textures to models is a lot more than just adding colours, you are also able to use different techniques and mpas to add more detail to the model permit you add effects such as shadows textures height etc.AnalyseBase Colour, Albedo, Diffuse - is the most common texture map, it specifies thepattern and colour of the object. It basically paints an image onto the surface.Normal Maps a normal map is a map which defines the direction your geometry normals are facing, with this info you can create a fake the fancy of height to how the model is affected by light.Height Maps / Displacement Maps displacement maps are used when you need to add more detail to affect your model, this is a very powerful option as it in significantity affects the geometry.Ambient Occlusion The occlusion map is used to define the areas of a model which should receive low or high substantiative lighting. It is a grayscale image with white marking areas which should get full indirect light, and black for areas receiving no indirect light. An example would be a stone wall texture which is uneven.specular Maps Specular mapping is used to define how well an area reflects light, the colour and bumpiness may be the same but using either dark or light tones you are able to change how thoughtful the surface is. An example would be a characters eyes compared to the skin or how a material reacts when buckram or dry.Lightmaps are data structures used in light mapping, it works by pre-calculating the brightness of a surface and storing it in texture maps for later use. They are more used on static it ems so as the light does not need to be recalculated every frame.Evaluate using these can be extremely helpful in creating the models you desire without having to form the whole thing as some can help create the effects of textures, shadows height, and even make them expect more detailed which saves you adding more polygons to a model and increasing the count.http//blog.digitaltutors.com/understanding-difference-texture-maps/The creation and use of convex encounter hulls.Explain A convex collision hull is a simplified low poly count meshes that encases more complex objects, this is used to determine where a collision will occur on the object as well as other physic based interactions.Analyse It is an invisible mesh that stops the player and other models falling through each other, this can be costly on the graphics and processor power as the model triangles have to be calculated twice, once for the 3d model and once for the mesh collider. Each object moldiness have a collision shape. Simpler shapes such as boxes, spheres and capsules are used as they are much faster to test but are less precise.Evaluate the collision hull helps make objects and models seem more to life by not letting you fall through walls and floors but can also affect how some objects are effected depending on how simple or complex the hull is compared to the model it is covering.Level of detail models (LODs)Explain LODs or level of detail are used to help render times by reducing the amount of polygons that show on models which are further away from the character, this is used to help rendering times and helps performance.Analyse LODs limit the amount of polygons on a model to help reduce rendering times whenever the character is at a distance, this helps keep focus on the present(prenominal) area and less at background scenery.Evaluate LODs can help increase frame render time by reducing the amount of polygons and detail that is on screen at any one time by determining whats mor e important or whats being focused on more and only giving that the proper(a) amount of detail. Although this can help render time it may also cause some lag or drop in frames when too much detail is trying to load in at once.Vertex colour informationExplain Vertex colour is a RGBA value that is traditionally used to add diffuse or emissive colour to the geometry of the model, this can be added to any vertex on the model. With more powerful punts engines this can be used to do amazing things.Analyse Vertex colouring is used to colour foliage animations, baking inexpensive AO and lighting info, it can also be used to blend different materials on terrain or other meshes, but can be used for a lot more thingsEvaluate Vertex coloring can be used easily as it requires no UVs, although it is geometry dependant and not suited for high detail.Model constraintsExplain When creating heart and soul such as 3D art for gimpys and other real time applications there is constrictions which n eed to be applied to help increase performance and reduce render time. These constraints include polygon count, texture size and file size.Analyse Polygon Count The constraint on polygons count is that the more polygons or faces that appear within the render view the age huge it takes for the frame to render, this limits polygons count to help with rendering time. This applies to games as well as non real time animations or special effects, this is all linked to the hardware available.Texture size textures need to be done effectively as the bigger and more complex the texture the longer the game will take to load it, this can cause the textures to take time to render and destroy the experience of the player.File Size The two main constraints that file size has is that 3D graphics need to be stored somewhere, either on disc a hard drive or in the streak waiting for digital download. For this reason file size needs to be efficient to make positive(predicate) they fit onto the t he media that they are designed for, if the 3D art is too large for one disc it must be split onto two or more discs or may require an extremely long time to download especially for those with slow internet speeds.Evaluate Model constraints help with loading and rendering times by limiting the amount polygons and textures the artist is allowed to use, although this seems bad if there was no constraints the game would not load well and have constant drops with the frame rate, the downside to this is that the game will unfortunately not have everything that the developers wanted as some things may need to be cut due to file size restrictions.Topic 2 Uses of 3D modelsDecorative meshesExplain Decorative meshes are used to decorate a blank 3D world and make it more interesting, theses decorative meshes can range from in opening items such as chairs tables etc, to outdoor objects such as cars, trees and wells for example. Decorative meshes also help to make the 3D world seem a lot more interesting and also help make it more true to life and improve the players experience.Analyse these consist of multiple objects such as cars, trees, bushes etc which is dictated around the 3D world so as its not blank and more interesting.Evaluate The advantage of using decorative meshes is that it increases the realism of the world theyre placed, they also improve the players experience as they are not pass around a bland world.Environment meshesExplain Environments are what a 3D world is made from, every environment also needs to be filled with 3D meshes, a balance of mensuration and quality must be found as this needs to be as good look as possible but also needs to be done efficiently.Analyse Environment meshes are used to create the 3D worlds invitroment, be in be buildings or other structures, this needs to be able to be done effectively and quickly as its a main part of the world but not all the focus will be on it.Evaluate Allows for a more immersive world as it ad ds character to the area and can also set the mood depending on the art style used.Modular meshesExplain Modular meshes for 3D environments are used to create fast environments using small tiling models and maximum flexibility, to make this as effective as possible you should first make sure that the grid for the 3D package is the exact same as the grid that the engine youre going to make the model for. Modular meshes can be employd to save time on developing multiple models.Analyse modular meshes can be made into kits, for example piping for walls, so that the developers and artists can reuse them to speed up the process without putting in as much work for areas that require less attention.Evaluate the advantage of using modular meshes are that you are able to quickly create game environments with maximum flexibility to change when needed, they are also reusable meaning you can keep a certain art style no reckon the size. The downside to this is that the reused art style can q uickly reach repetitive.Meshes used for non- wasted animationExplain Games can have a number of models which can be used for non skeletal animation these tend to be models which are not rigged (i.e with a skeleton) examples of these can be doors, boxes with lids that open, shop signs and even platforms can be animated to move.Analyse non skeletal animation works by the object or model not having a rigged skeleton allowing it to move or cast freely, for example a door may swing on its hinge, to create this the pivot point of the door must be placed at the point in which you want the door to swing.Evaluate the advantages of non skeletal animation are that it allows the game world to flow more freely using swinging doors, and makes the game seem more life like having signs and lids able to open.Skyboxes and thrash aboutdomesExplain A skybox is made from a city block with six images that inclose the player, they can also be known as environment maps. The player is placed in the middle of the box so that no matter which way they look they just see different parts of the box. The game engine makes sure that whichever part of the box is visible to the player the proper pixels are shown. Sky domes work in similar ways but is a 3D sphere or hemisphere, and can be animated to improve realism. Both the skybox and skydome usually has a texture of the sky on it depending on the game and whats needed.Analyse skyboxes are simple cubes which consist of fewer polygons than the skydome, no matter where the player is they will always see the relevant part of the skybox.Skydomes are more detailed as they contain more polygons and allow the maker to animate it to improve the realism of the 3D world.Evaluate the advantage of using a skybox is that it uses up less polygons and if easier to texture, although it does not look as good as a skydome. The skydome on the other hand allows you to use vertex colour you adjust the hue in a smoother way, this allows you to animate th e sky depending on the time of day.Rigid bodiesExplain Rigid bodies allow your models and objects to act under the control of physics, the rigid body can be given forces and torque to make it move in a more virtual(prenominal) way. Any objects you wish to be influenced by physics or other added forces must have a rigidbody.Analyse rigid bodies can be affected by different physics such asMass This determines the weight of the object usually in kilograms by defaultDrag Drag determines how air resistance affects the object while moving (from 0 air resistance to infinity meaning it stops immediately)Gravity Determines if the object is affected by gravity if dropped for example.Evaluate Rigid bodies are extremely useful when wanting to make a game which either has real to life physics or if you want to make the game with wacky physics as you are able to mess with the properties of each.Fracture/breakable meshesExplain Fracture or breakable meshes are used to make in game objects breakable for example doors, walls and in some cases building can also be destroyed, this can help the game feel more realistic as it adds real world physics to the game, it can also add new things for players to try out and in general make the game more fun. This can be broken down into more points such as oaf count and modify points.Analyse Chunk count determines how many chunks the tool will cut the professional mesh into, a large amount of pieces means theres more triangles in the final object and more pieces that will be left behind after. A smaller amount means there are fewer triangles and less pieces after the object is destroyed.The modify points tool can be used to move the selected or all the chunk origins towards the bounds of the object or perturb some or all of the chunks in the slice pattern moving the pieces towards the bounds is useful as it helps avoid chunks being discarded because they dont slice the surface of the mesh.Evaluate - Breakable meshes are used to help make games more realistic by letting you destroy some of the environment or some objects/models like you could in a real world situation. This however can have drawbacks on render time and frames as it requires more polygons to make the broken pieces.References() 3D Modeling Creating 3D Objects, procurable at https//www.sculpteo.com/en/glossary/3d-modeling-definition/(Accessed sixth October 2016).() Collision Meshes Game Models, obtainable at http//www.katsbits.com/tutorials/blender/collision-models.php(Accessed 8th October 2016).() Fractured Static Meshes, lendable at https//udn.epicgames.com/ tether/FractureTool.html (Accessed quaternary October 2016).() Rigidbody, Available at https//docs.unity3d.com/Manual/class-Rigidbody.html (Accessed 11th October 2016).(2014) 3D Constraints, Available at https//docs.google.com/document/d/1cJlmKMQXiCHPX1zRKV3K1biO4EwH13_WOIt_8BJ7K6g/edit(Accessed 16th October 2016).(2014) The pivot point, Available at https//knowledge.autodesk.com/sup port/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2015/ENU/Maya/files/Transforming-objects-The-pivot-point-htm.html (Accessed 10th October 2016).(2016) 3-D Coordinate Systems, Available at https//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb324490(v=vs.85).aspx (Accessed 2nd October 2016).(2016) 3D coordinates, Available at https//knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2016/ENU/Maya/files/GUID-FDC58F4E-63B9-4012-B232-5F2FBAC5EAC9-htm.html?v=2016(Accessed 4th October 2016).(2016) Level of Detail, Available at https//docs.unity3d.com/Manual/LevelOfDetail.html (Accessed 14th October 2016).(2016) Perspective (graphical), Available at https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection (Accessed 3rd October 2016).(2016) Perspective (graphical), Available at https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical) (Accessed 3rd October 2016).(2016) UNDERSTANDING UV MAPPING, Available at http//www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/how-tos/video-soft ware/understanding-uv-mapping.htmlb (Accessed 6th October 2016).Banninga, R (2004) UV Mapping Tips And Tricks, Available at http//www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130484/uv_mapping_tips_and_tricks.php(Accessed 14th October 2016).Bell, G () Creating Backgrounds for 3D Games, Available at http//www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131701/creating_backgrounds_for_3d_games.php?print=1 (Accessed 10th October 2016).Cahill, P (2016) 3D Modelling basics Terminology3D, Available at http//www.onlinedesignteacher.com/2014/07/3d-modelling-basics_33.html (Accessed 6th October).Cole, T.B (2015) VERTEX COLOUR, Available at http//www.timbencole.com/vertexcolour (Accessed 11th October 2016).Dennis (2007) UV coordinate basics, Available at http//www.rozengain.com/blog/2007/08/26/uv-coordinate-