Sources Of Municipal Solid Waste In Delhi Environmental Sciences Essay

mentions Of Municipal Solid Waste In Delhi Environmental Sciences EssayIndia is the second most populated country a second fastest growing economy in the world. From the period of 2001-2026 the population of India is to increase from 1030 million to 1400 million, if we consider the increase rate to be 1.2 % annually thence there will be an increase of 36% in 2026. concordly about 285 million live in urban areas and about 742 million live in rural areas. (Census of India, 2001).In India urbanisation is becoming more because people are moving from villages to cities and there is a quick increase in population in the metropolitan cities .Mumbai is the largest populated city followed by New Delhi and Kolkata.Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher the percentage of urban population, the greater is the amount of solid bobble produced (Hoornweg and Laura, 1999). In Hoornweg and Laura, 1999 1996 about 114,576 tonnes/day of municipal solid barbaric was generated by the urban population of India, by the end of 2026 it is predicted to increase to 440,460tonnes/day This great increase in the amount of MSW generated is due to changing lifestyle and living standards urban population(Hoornweg and Laura, 1999).STUDY AREADelhi is a very densely populated area and is the enceinte of India. Since Delhi is an modify city the annual growth rate is increasing very rapidly in the last decade the growth rate has increased by 3.85%. Delhi is the capital of India this tells us that it is the centre for commerce trade and power, since it is one of the largest cities and the capital it produces excellent job opportunities, which account for its rapid increase in its population and increased footprint of urbanization. Due to the fast urbanisation and the growing population the production of municipal solid waste is also increasing very rapidly. match to a scene Delhi generates about 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste and this municipal waste is to rid e about 17000-25000 tonnes/day by the year 2026.due to the rapid increase in the population and municipal solid waste the disposal of the waste has become a great head ache for the municipality in Delhi. Out of the waste self-collected only 70-80% of municipal solid waste is collected while the remaining is dumped onto streets or open ditches. Out of the 70-805 collected only 9% of the collected municipal solid waste is treated by composting the remaining is sent to the land subscribe to sites. New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and Delhi Cantonment tabular array (DCB) are three municipal entities responsible for MSW management in Delhi. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES, TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE IN DELHISources and types of solid waste in Delhiresidential-the residence might be single family or multiple family dwellers the types of waste they produce are paper, food wastes , cardboard , leather, yard wastes, textiles, glass, special wastes, coats, plastics , ashes, wood and kinsperson barbaric wastes.Industrial industries produce ashes, food wastes, packaging, special wastes, housekeeping wastes, construction and demolition fabrics and hazardous wastes.Commercial Institutional they produce wood, metals, cardboard, glass, special wastes, Paper, food wastes, hazardous wastes.Municipal services landscape and tree trimmings, Street moves, general wastes from beaches, parks, and other recreational areas, sludge. (Hoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999)Composition of wasteThe population of Delhi is 13.9 million they produce 7000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste at the rate of 0.500 kg/capital/day and accordingly the population as well as the MSW in increasing by 2026 the municipal solid waste generated will increase to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day. Because of the increase in the MSW the municipal body will face a lot of problem by and by composting and incine ration they would still have to deal with a lot of waste and this waste would generally go to landfill sites.The characterisation of the waste by its type, spell and source is burning(prenominal) this will make monitoring and management of solid waste easy. Based on this we can use different types of processes to dispose the solid waste. The following development will tell about the generation of MSW from various sources is Delhi in the year 2004.Source wise generation of the MSW (tonnes/day) in DelhiSourcesMSW(Tonnes/day)Residential waste3010Industrial waste502Hospital waste107Main shopping centres1017Construction waste382Vegetable and fruit markets538Source MCD, 2004)The Tata Energy Research Institute conducted a study in 2002 in Delhi to determine the physical and chemical subject of municipal solid waste. This study in 2002 tells us that the composition of MSW is non changed that much from the past decade. According to the study the major part of the MSW consists of biodeg radables fallowed by other wastes.Physical composition (as wt. %) of MSW Chemical composition (as wt. %) of MSWParameters2002Biodegradable38.6Inert34.7Glass and Crockery1.0Paper5.6Non-biodegradable13.9 formative6.0Parameters2002wet43.8Phosphorus as P2O50.3Organic carbon20.5nitrogen0.9C/N ratio24.1Calorific value (kCal/kg)713.0Source TERI, 2002)The composition of MSW of an urban population depends on various factors like place perspective, climate, commercial activities, population, cultural activities, economic status if the residence and urban structure .Before we do anything we need to know the composition of the MSW so we can determine the best suited operations and equipment for the facilities that dispose of the MSW. There was a survey conducted by Municipal Corporation of Delhi to evaluate the composition and beseemingties of MSW. This study involved the different places in Delhi where MSW was produces. The following table tells the details of the studyComposition (as wt. % ) of MSW generating from various sources in DelhiParametersFood wasteRecyclablesInertOthersMoistureAsh contentC/N ratioLower CV (kcal/kg)Higher CV(kcal/kg)Residential waste1.low income group58.415.722.83.15421.839754-22262238-48442. midst income group76.621.20.51.7656.330732-19393415-63073.High income group71.923.10.34.75910.9311300-18874503-53594. JJ Clusters (Slums)69.414.115.80.76315.646204-15481582-4912Vegetable markets97.22.30.5763.3160-13093083-4442Institutional areas59.733.842.5506.735129-37782642-5459Streets28.41256.13.51956.7511007-20411188-3289Commercial areas15.66816.4188.81581815-45933373-6185Landfills73.79.210.86.34715.338191-44952042-5315Source - (MCD, 2004)RELEVANT REGULATIONS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAThe major policies and legislative frameworks for the municipal solid waste management in Delhi areMunicipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 according to this policy there is a set process for the collection, sorting, storage, trans portation and disposal of the MSW.The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and Amendment Rules, 2003- bio-medical waste should be treated according to the standards of schedule v.The Delhi plastic bag (Manufacture, Sales and Usage) And Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2000 according to this plastic bags should be recycled and non-degradable plastic bags should not be dumped in worldly concern drains.Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 and 2003-there are limitations for the import and export of hazardous wastes and there should be proper handling and management of hazardous waste. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000)MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGENENT IN DELHIPrimary collection and storage of MSW in DelhiAccording to the Delhi municipal great deal act 1957 the owners, tenants or the person who is occupying the residence, commercial or industrial area is responsible for the disposal of the MSW at a particula r area provided by the municipal corporation. But this rule was changed in 2000 which stated that the collection of MSW would be from house to house because of this rule the municipality cooperation faced a lot of problem due to the erect in population as well as residential houses so doth the systems are cosmos applied to collect MSW. The municipal cooperation of Delhi is getting awareness programs to booster the citizens understand the need of segregating the municipal solid waste by placing two separate bins one for recycle materials and the other non-recycling materials. By doing this the municipality is reducing the work blame and they can dispose of the material in an easy way without any fuss. The municipal potence has a schedule for the collection of the waste example a particular area will have a particular day for the collection of MSW.The Delhi municipal authority provides a primary storage facilities like dustbins, metal containers that have different capacities rang ing from 1m3 ,4m3,10m3 to 12-15 tonnes these containers are placed in locations that are easily accusable to people. The size of the containers that are place at a primary storage location depends on the amount of MSW existence produced by the area and the population of the area. These metal containers and bins are emptied with the help of modern hydraulic collection trucks. In Delhi on an bonnie there are 3-4 collection sites. The MCD has employed about 50,000 people for primary storage collection, 2600 for secondary storage collection and about 370 people foe sweeping the streets. (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000)TransportationThe MCD has many vehicles for the collection of primary and secondary storage waste. The MSD in its fleet contains refuse removal trucks, tractors and loaders they have about 100 vehicles to do the job. What these vehicles do is they collect the waste and take them to the landfill sites.Recycling and re-useRecycling and re-use of MSW is done in a widespread manner where waste pickers are employed as well as there are self employed waste pickers who collect the waste and sell them. How the system works is that these waste pickers and waste collectors encounter waste from the residential areas, commercial areas, streets and landfill sites and they sell them to the mongers these dealers range from small, medium and large dealers. After the dealers purchase the materials they are sent to the recycling plant that is established by the government. The following table tells us at what rate the materials are sold (Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004)Prices of recyclable materials at different recycling levelsRecyclable materialRecyclable material Price at smallrecyclable dealer (Rs.)Price at mediumrecyclable dealer (Rs.)Price at largerecyclable dealer (Rs.)Value added in theProcess (%)PlasticPET bottles1.752.25-2.503.75-4121Milk packets5.5-6.56-78-8.5037.5Hard plastic like shampoo bottles, caps7-7.25910-10.541Plastic thread, fib res, ropes, chair reprimand6-78-8.501067Plastic cups and glasses7-810-1213-1480PaperWhite paper3-3.253.75-45-676Mix shredded paper2-2.252.25-2.503-3.2547Cartons and brown pugilism Papers2.252.50333Fresh newspaper3-3.503.25-3.754.50-4.7542Tetra pack1.75-22-2.252.75-353GlassBroken glass0.500.90-190Bottles22.25-2.5019 atomic number 13Beer and cold drink cans40-4543-4875-8588Deodorant, scent cans42-4555-6090-95113Aluminium foil20-2225-2730-3248Other metalsSteel utensils20-2225-273043Copper wire70-7580-8595-10035Source Ankit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004)CompostingComing to composting only 9% of the total MSW is composted the remaining 91% is sent to landfill sites. There are three places set up by the Delhi municipal authority for composting MSW where as two plants are set up at Okhala and the other one is set up at Bhalswa .These plant has a treatment readiness of 150 tonnes/day but they are not utilised to the fullest because of the cost. The treatment capacity of the plant at Bh alswa is 500 tonnes/day. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008)IncinerationThe municipal cooperation of Delhi also tried embodiment they built an incineration plant with the help of a foreign company. But this was shut down immediately because the MSW did not have enough calorific value the minimal calorific value is between 1200-1400 kcal/kg. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).Final disposal of MSWOf the total amount of MSW collected 91% is sent to landfill. These landfill sites are located at the outskirts of the city. The land fill sites are the nearest available low line area or waste lands. The transfer of the MSW to these sites is by the vehicles that the Delhi municipality has. These landfill sites are chosen based only on availability and not on any other reason. These landfill sites are poorly maintained which arises a problem of health and safety as well as environmental concerns. There is another big issue because of the poor maintenance of the landfill sites there is a lot of leachate that is being produced mostly in the rainy epoch due to which the ground water as well as the river next to the landfill sites is getting contaminated. At these landfill sites with the help of bulldozers the MSW is levelled and compressed. The MSW is compressed to a layer of 2-5m and a top is provided. At the binging there were 20 landfill sites that were created by the Delhi municipality out of which 15 are exhausted already. At present there are 3 landfill sites that are being operated one is at Gazipur it was started in 1984 , the other landfill site is located at Bhalswa it was started in 1993 ,the last operating land fill site is located in Okhala it was started in 1994. (Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008).HEALTH AND SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSHealth and safety and environmental risks are a major concern in the MSW management in Delhi. The workers as well as the waste pickers are not provided with proper health and safety equipment like boots and gloves. The wor king conditions are unhygienic .the chance of transfer of transmission system is high and because of this if a worker gets sick he loses his wages. The workers are also not provided with medical insurance. The environmental risk is also high because the landfill sites are not maintained properly and the leachate gets leaked into the underground water as well as the river Yamuna .these issues should be looked into very carefully.IMPROVEMENTEWe can improve these poor conditions by privatisation. We can permit the esoteric sectors help in the disposal of MSW. The Delhi municipal authorities can open the incineration plant and dispose the waste. They can also involve the local communities as well as the NGOs to help in the disposal of waste. The municipal authorities should identify a proper treatment technology. The authorities should increase standards of reuse and recycling of waste mainly composting.CONCLUSIONWith the rapid increase in population and fast urbanisation of Delhi th e current policies and regulations want be sufficient for controlling the rapid increase in the MSW. Due to this the health and safety as well as the environmental risks are increasing .The municipal authorities of Delhi cannot keep up with the MSW that is being produced now but according to a prediction the MSW by 2026 is going to increase 4 folds if this happens the municipal authorities will be cladding a lot of problem. Even the Delhi government has realised this and they are making changes in the form of master plans. The government is also approaching the public and private sectors for help like the citizens and the NGOs. First of all people should be educated on proper disposal of MSW. The government should see to that the master plans are being properly followed at all levels. Only by doing this the Delhi municipal authorities can keep the MSW in control.ReferencingAnkit agarwal, Ashish Singhmar, 2004. Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi, India. Resources, Conservation and RecyclingCensus of India,.2001 . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (GoI). Online.available http//www.censusindia.netHoornweg, Daniel with Laura Thomas. 1999. Working Paper Series Nr. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit. East Asia and Pacific Region. Page 5. Online http//web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-sources.html.Hoornweg, D., Laura, T., 1999. What a waste solid management in Asia. Working Paper Series No. 1. Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, the World Bank, Washington, DCMCD, 2004. Feasibility study and master plan report for optimal solid waste treatment and disposal for the entire state of Delhi based on public and private partnership solution, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi, India.Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2000.the gazette of India. Online. Available http//envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.htmlTERI, 2002.Performance Measurements of Pilot Cities, Tata Energy Research In stitute, New Delhi, India.Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya, 2008. State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India, Waste Management Volume 28, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1276-1287